# Τεκμηρίωση του Django - 1.10.7

# Πηγαίος κώδικας για το django.db.models.query

    """
    The main QuerySet implementation. This provides the public API for the ORM.
    """

    import copy
    import sys
    import warnings
    from collections import OrderedDict, deque

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.core import exceptions
    from django.db import (
        DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY, IntegrityError, connections, router,
        transaction,
    )
    from django.db.models import DateField, DateTimeField, sql
    from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
    from django.db.models.deletion import Collector
    from django.db.models.expressions import F
    from django.db.models.fields import AutoField
    from django.db.models.functions import Trunc
    from django.db.models.query_utils import (
        InvalidQuery, Q, check_rel_lookup_compatibility,
    )
    from django.db.models.sql.constants import CURSOR
    from django.utils import six, timezone
    from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango20Warning
    from django.utils.functional import cached_property, partition
    from django.utils.version import get_version

    # The maximum number of items to display in a QuerySet.__repr__
    REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE = 20

    # Pull into this namespace for backwards compatibility.
    EmptyResultSet = sql.EmptyResultSet

    class BaseIterable(object):
        def __init__(self, queryset):
            self.queryset = queryset

    class ModelIterable(BaseIterable):
        """
        Iterable that yields a model instance for each row.
        """

        def __iter__(self):
            queryset = self.queryset
            db = queryset.db
            compiler = queryset.query.get_compiler(using=db)
            # Execute the query. This will also fill compiler.select, klass_info,
            # and annotations.
            results = compiler.execute_sql()
            select, klass_info, annotation_col_map = (compiler.select, compiler.klass_info,
                                                      compiler.annotation_col_map)
            if klass_info is None:
                return
            model_cls = klass_info['model']
            select_fields = klass_info['select_fields']
            model_fields_start, model_fields_end = select_fields[0], select_fields[-1] + 1
            init_list = [f[0].target.attname
                         for f in select[model_fields_start:model_fields_end]]
            related_populators = get_related_populators(klass_info, select, db)
            for row in compiler.results_iter(results):
                obj = model_cls.from_db(db, init_list, row[model_fields_start:model_fields_end])
                if related_populators:
                    for rel_populator in related_populators:
                        rel_populator.populate(row, obj)
                if annotation_col_map:
                    for attr_name, col_pos in annotation_col_map.items():
                        setattr(obj, attr_name, row[col_pos])

                # Add the known related objects to the model, if there are any
                if queryset._known_related_objects:
                    for field, rel_objs in queryset._known_related_objects.items():
                        # Avoid overwriting objects loaded e.g. by select_related
                        if hasattr(obj, field.get_cache_name()):
                            continue
                        pk = getattr(obj, field.get_attname())
                        try:
                            rel_obj = rel_objs[pk]
                        except KeyError:
                            pass  # may happen in qs1 | qs2 scenarios
                        else:
                            setattr(obj, field.name, rel_obj)

                yield obj

    class ValuesIterable(BaseIterable):
        """
        Iterable returned by QuerySet.values() that yields a dict
        for each row.
        """

        def __iter__(self):
            queryset = self.queryset
            query = queryset.query
            compiler = query.get_compiler(queryset.db)

            field_names = list(query.values_select)
            extra_names = list(query.extra_select)
            annotation_names = list(query.annotation_select)

            # extra(select=...) cols are always at the start of the row.
            names = extra_names + field_names + annotation_names

            for row in compiler.results_iter():
                yield dict(zip(names, row))

    class ValuesListIterable(BaseIterable):
        """
        Iterable returned by QuerySet.values_list(flat=False)
        that yields a tuple for each row.
        """

        def __iter__(self):
            queryset = self.queryset
            query = queryset.query
            compiler = query.get_compiler(queryset.db)

            if not query.extra_select and not query.annotation_select:
                for row in compiler.results_iter():
                    yield tuple(row)
            else:
                field_names = list(query.values_select)
                extra_names = list(query.extra_select)
                annotation_names = list(query.annotation_select)

                # extra(select=...) cols are always at the start of the row.
                names = extra_names + field_names + annotation_names

                if queryset._fields:
                    # Reorder according to fields.
                    fields = list(queryset._fields) + [f for f in annotation_names if f not in queryset._fields]
                else:
                    fields = names

                for row in compiler.results_iter():
                    data = dict(zip(names, row))
                    yield tuple(data[f] for f in fields)

    class FlatValuesListIterable(BaseIterable):
        """
        Iterable returned by QuerySet.values_list(flat=True) that
        yields single values.
        """

        def __iter__(self):
            queryset = self.queryset
            compiler = queryset.query.get_compiler(queryset.db)
            for row in compiler.results_iter():
                yield row[0]

    class QuerySet(object):
        """
        Represents a lazy database lookup for a set of objects.
        """

        def __init__(self, model=None, query=None, using=None, hints=None):
            self.model = model
            self._db = using
            self._hints = hints or {}
            self.query = query or sql.Query(self.model)
            self._result_cache = None
            self._sticky_filter = False
            self._for_write = False
            self._prefetch_related_lookups = []
            self._prefetch_done = False
            self._known_related_objects = {}  # {rel_field, {pk: rel_obj}}
            self._iterable_class = ModelIterable
            self._fields = None

        def as_manager(cls):
            # Address the circular dependency between `Queryset` and `Manager`.
            from django.db.models.manager import Manager
            manager = Manager.from_queryset(cls)()
            manager._built_with_as_manager = True
            return manager
        as_manager.queryset_only = True
        as_manager = classmethod(as_manager)

        ########################
        # PYTHON MAGIC METHODS #
        ########################

        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
            """
            Deep copy of a QuerySet doesn't populate the cache
            """
            obj = self.__class__()
            for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
                if k == '_result_cache':
                    obj.__dict__[k] = None
                else:
                    obj.__dict__[k] = copy.deepcopy(v, memo)
            return obj

        def __getstate__(self):
            """
            Allows the QuerySet to be pickled.
            """
            # Force the cache to be fully populated.
            self._fetch_all()
            obj_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
            obj_dict[DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY] = get_version()
            return obj_dict

        def __setstate__(self, state):
            msg = None
            pickled_version = state.get(DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY)
            if pickled_version:
                current_version = get_version()
                if current_version != pickled_version:
                    msg = (
                        "Pickled queryset instance's Django version %s does not "
                        "match the current version %s." % (pickled_version, current_version)
                    )
            else:
                msg = "Pickled queryset instance's Django version is not specified."

            if msg:
                warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)

            self.__dict__.update(state)

        def __repr__(self):
            data = list(self[:REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1])
            if len(data) > REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE:
                data[-1] = "...(remaining elements truncated)..."
            return '<QuerySet %r>' % data

        def __len__(self):
            self._fetch_all()
            return len(self._result_cache)

        def __iter__(self):
            """
            The queryset iterator protocol uses three nested iterators in the
            default case:
                1. sql.compiler:execute_sql()
                   - Returns 100 rows at time (constants.GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE)
                     using cursor.fetchmany(). This part is responsible for
                     doing some column masking, and returning the rows in chunks.
                2. sql/compiler.results_iter()
                   - Returns one row at time. At this point the rows are still just
                     tuples. In some cases the return values are converted to
                     Python values at this location.
                3. self.iterator()
                   - Responsible for turning the rows into model objects.
            """
            self._fetch_all()
            return iter(self._result_cache)

        def __bool__(self):
            self._fetch_all()
            return bool(self._result_cache)

        def __nonzero__(self):      # Python 2 compatibility
            return type(self).__bool__(self)

        def __getitem__(self, k):
            """
            Retrieves an item or slice from the set of results.
            """
            if not isinstance(k, (slice,) + six.integer_types):
                raise TypeError
            assert ((not isinstance(k, slice) and (k >= 0)) or
                    (isinstance(k, slice) and (k.start is None or k.start >= 0) and
                     (k.stop is None or k.stop >= 0))), \
                "Negative indexing is not supported."

            if self._result_cache is not None:
                return self._result_cache[k]

            if isinstance(k, slice):
                qs = self._clone()
                if k.start is not None:
                    start = int(k.start)
                else:
                    start = None
                if k.stop is not None:
                    stop = int(k.stop)
                else:
                    stop = None
                qs.query.set_limits(start, stop)
                return list(qs)[::k.step] if k.step else qs

            qs = self._clone()
            qs.query.set_limits(k, k + 1)
            return list(qs)[0]

        def __and__(self, other):
            self._merge_sanity_check(other)
            if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
                return other
            if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
                return self
            combined = self._clone()
            combined._merge_known_related_objects(other)
            combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.AND)
            return combined

        def __or__(self, other):
            self._merge_sanity_check(other)
            if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
                return other
            if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
                return self
            combined = self._clone()
            combined._merge_known_related_objects(other)
            combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.OR)
            return combined

        ####################################
        # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
        ####################################

        def iterator(self):
            """
            An iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet to the
            database.
            """
            return iter(self._iterable_class(self))

        def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """
            Returns a dictionary containing the calculations (aggregation)
            over the current queryset

            If args is present the expression is passed as a kwarg using
            the Aggregate object's default alias.
            """
            if self.query.distinct_fields:
                raise NotImplementedError("aggregate() + distinct(fields) not implemented.")
            for arg in args:
                # The default_alias property may raise a TypeError, so we use
                # a try/except construct rather than hasattr in order to remain
                # consistent between PY2 and PY3 (hasattr would swallow
                # the TypeError on PY2).
                try:
                    arg.default_alias
                except (AttributeError, TypeError):
                    raise TypeError("Complex aggregates require an alias")
                kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg

            query = self.query.clone()
            for (alias, aggregate_expr) in kwargs.items():
                query.add_annotation(aggregate_expr, alias, is_summary=True)
                if not query.annotations[alias].contains_aggregate:
                    raise TypeError("%s is not an aggregate expression" % alias)
            return query.get_aggregation(self.db, kwargs.keys())

        def count(self):
            """
            Performs a SELECT COUNT() and returns the number of records as an
            integer.

            If the QuerySet is already fully cached this simply returns the length
            of the cached results set to avoid multiple SELECT COUNT(*) calls.
            """
            if self._result_cache is not None:
                return len(self._result_cache)

            return self.query.get_count(using=self.db)

        def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """
            Performs the query and returns a single object matching the given
            keyword arguments.
            """
            clone = self.filter(*args, **kwargs)
            if self.query.can_filter() and not self.query.distinct_fields:
                clone = clone.order_by()
            num = len(clone)
            if num == 1:
                return clone._result_cache[0]
            if not num:
                raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
                    "%s matching query does not exist." %
                    self.model._meta.object_name
                )
            raise self.model.MultipleObjectsReturned(
                "get() returned more than one %s -- it returned %s!" %
                (self.model._meta.object_name, num)
            )

        def create(self, **kwargs):
            """
            Creates a new object with the given kwargs, saving it to the database
            and returning the created object.
            """
            obj = self.model(**kwargs)
            self._for_write = True
            obj.save(force_insert=True, using=self.db)
            return obj

        def _populate_pk_values(self, objs):
            for obj in objs:
                if obj.pk is None:
                    obj.pk = obj._meta.pk.get_pk_value_on_save(obj)

        def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
            """
            Inserts each of the instances into the database. This does *not* call
            save() on each of the instances, does not send any pre/post save
            signals, and does not set the primary key attribute if it is an
            autoincrement field (except if features.can_return_ids_from_bulk_insert=True).
            Multi-table models are not supported.
            """
            # When you bulk insert you don't get the primary keys back (if it's an
            # autoincrement, except if can_return_ids_from_bulk_insert=True), so
            # you can't insert into the child tables which references this. There
            # are two workarounds:
            # 1) This could be implemented if you didn't have an autoincrement pk
            # 2) You could do it by doing O(n) normal inserts into the parent
            #    tables to get the primary keys back and then doing a single bulk
            #    insert into the childmost table.
            # We currently set the primary keys on the objects when using
            # PostgreSQL via the RETURNING ID clause. It should be possible for
            # Oracle as well, but the semantics for  extracting the primary keys is
            # trickier so it's not done yet.
            assert batch_size is None or batch_size > 0
            # Check that the parents share the same concrete model with the our
            # model to detect the inheritance pattern ConcreteGrandParent ->
            # MultiTableParent -> ProxyChild. Simply checking self.model._meta.proxy
            # would not identify that case as involving multiple tables.
            for parent in self.model._meta.get_parent_list():
                if parent._meta.concrete_model is not self.model._meta.concrete_model:
                    raise ValueError("Can't bulk create a multi-table inherited model")
            if not objs:
                return objs
            self._for_write = True
            connection = connections[self.db]
            fields = self.model._meta.concrete_fields
            objs = list(objs)
            self._populate_pk_values(objs)
            with transaction.atomic(using=self.db, savepoint=False):
                if (connection.features.can_combine_inserts_with_and_without_auto_increment_pk and
                        self.model._meta.has_auto_field):
                    self._batched_insert(objs, fields, batch_size)
                else:
                    objs_with_pk, objs_without_pk = partition(lambda o: o.pk is None, objs)
                    if objs_with_pk:
                        self._batched_insert(objs_with_pk, fields, batch_size)
                    if objs_without_pk:
                        fields = [f for f in fields if not isinstance(f, AutoField)]
                        ids = self._batched_insert(objs_without_pk, fields, batch_size)
                        if connection.features.can_return_ids_from_bulk_insert:
                            assert len(ids) == len(objs_without_pk)
                        for obj_without_pk, pk in zip(objs_without_pk, ids):
                            obj_without_pk.pk = pk
                            obj_without_pk._state.adding = False
                            obj_without_pk._state.db = self.db

            return objs

        def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
            """
            Looks up an object with the given kwargs, creating one if necessary.
            Returns a tuple of (object, created), where created is a boolean
            specifying whether an object was created.
            """
            lookup, params = self._extract_model_params(defaults, **kwargs)
            # The get() needs to be targeted at the write database in order
            # to avoid potential transaction consistency problems.
            self._for_write = True
            try:
                return self.get(**lookup), False
            except self.model.DoesNotExist:
                return self._create_object_from_params(lookup, params)

        def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
            """
            Looks up an object with the given kwargs, updating one with defaults
            if it exists, otherwise creates a new one.
            Returns a tuple (object, created), where created is a boolean
            specifying whether an object was created.
            """
            defaults = defaults or {}
            lookup, params = self._extract_model_params(defaults, **kwargs)
            self._for_write = True
            try:
                obj = self.get(**lookup)
            except self.model.DoesNotExist:
                obj, created = self._create_object_from_params(lookup, params)
                if created:
                    return obj, created
            for k, v in six.iteritems(defaults):
                setattr(obj, k, v)
            obj.save(using=self.db)
            return obj, False

        def _create_object_from_params(self, lookup, params):
            """
            Tries to create an object using passed params.
            Used by get_or_create and update_or_create
            """
            try:
                with transaction.atomic(using=self.db):
                    obj = self.create(**params)
                return obj, True
            except IntegrityError:
                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
                try:
                    return self.get(**lookup), False
                except self.model.DoesNotExist:
                    pass
                six.reraise(*exc_info)

        def _extract_model_params(self, defaults, **kwargs):
            """
            Prepares `lookup` (kwargs that are valid model attributes), `params`
            (for creating a model instance) based on given kwargs; for use by
            get_or_create and update_or_create.
            """
            defaults = defaults or {}
            lookup = kwargs.copy()
            for f in self.model._meta.fields:
                if f.attname in lookup:
                    lookup[f.name] = lookup.pop(f.attname)
            params = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if LOOKUP_SEP not in k}
            params.update(defaults)
            return lookup, params

        def _earliest_or_latest(self, field_name=None, direction="-"):
            """
            Returns the latest object, according to the model's
            'get_latest_by' option or optional given field_name.
            """
            order_by = field_name or getattr(self.model._meta, 'get_latest_by')
            assert bool(order_by), "earliest() and latest() require either a "\
                "field_name parameter or 'get_latest_by' in the model"
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken."
            obj = self._clone()
            obj.query.set_limits(high=1)
            obj.query.clear_ordering(force_empty=True)
            obj.query.add_ordering('%s%s' % (direction, order_by))
            return obj.get()

        def earliest(self, field_name=None):
            return self._earliest_or_latest(field_name=field_name, direction="")

        def latest(self, field_name=None):
            return self._earliest_or_latest(field_name=field_name, direction="-")

        def first(self):
            """
            Returns the first object of a query, returns None if no match is found.
            """
            objects = list((self if self.ordered else self.order_by('pk'))[:1])
            if objects:
                return objects[0]
            return None

        def last(self):
            """
            Returns the last object of a query, returns None if no match is found.
            """
            objects = list((self.reverse() if self.ordered else self.order_by('-pk'))[:1])
            if objects:
                return objects[0]
            return None

        def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
            """
            Returns a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with
            that ID. If `id_list` isn't provided, the entire QuerySet is evaluated.
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with in_bulk"
            if id_list is not None:
                if not id_list:
                    return {}
                qs = self.filter(pk__in=id_list).order_by()
            else:
                qs = self._clone()
            return {obj._get_pk_val(): obj for obj in qs}

        def delete(self):
            """
            Deletes the records in the current QuerySet.
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with delete."

            if self._fields is not None:
                raise TypeError("Cannot call delete() after .values() or .values_list()")

            del_query = self._clone()

            # The delete is actually 2 queries - one to find related objects,
            # and one to delete. Make sure that the discovery of related
            # objects is performed on the same database as the deletion.
            del_query._for_write = True

            # Disable non-supported fields.
            del_query.query.select_for_update = False
            del_query.query.select_related = False
            del_query.query.clear_ordering(force_empty=True)

            collector = Collector(using=del_query.db)
            collector.collect(del_query)
            deleted, _rows_count = collector.delete()

            # Clear the result cache, in case this QuerySet gets reused.
            self._result_cache = None
            return deleted, _rows_count

        delete.alters_data = True
        delete.queryset_only = True

        def _raw_delete(self, using):
            """
            Deletes objects found from the given queryset in single direct SQL
            query. No signals are sent, and there is no protection for cascades.
            """
            return sql.DeleteQuery(self.model).delete_qs(self, using)
        _raw_delete.alters_data = True

        def update(self, **kwargs):
            """
            Updates all elements in the current QuerySet, setting all the given
            fields to the appropriate values.
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken."
            self._for_write = True
            query = self.query.clone(sql.UpdateQuery)
            query.add_update_values(kwargs)
            with transaction.atomic(using=self.db, savepoint=False):
                rows = query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(CURSOR)
            self._result_cache = None
            return rows
        update.alters_data = True

        def _update(self, values):
            """
            A version of update that accepts field objects instead of field names.
            Used primarily for model saving and not intended for use by general
            code (it requires too much poking around at model internals to be
            useful at that level).
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken."
            query = self.query.clone(sql.UpdateQuery)
            query.add_update_fields(values)
            self._result_cache = None
            return query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(CURSOR)
        _update.alters_data = True
        _update.queryset_only = False

        def exists(self):
            if self._result_cache is None:
                return self.query.has_results(using=self.db)
            return bool(self._result_cache)

        def _prefetch_related_objects(self):
            # This method can only be called once the result cache has been filled.
            prefetch_related_objects(self._result_cache, *self._prefetch_related_lookups)
            self._prefetch_done = True

        ##################################################
        # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
        ##################################################

        def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
            if using is None:
                using = self.db
            return RawQuerySet(raw_query, model=self.model, params=params, translations=translations, using=using)

        def _values(self, *fields):
            clone = self._clone()
            clone._fields = fields

            query = clone.query
            query.select_related = False
            query.clear_deferred_loading()
            query.clear_select_fields()

            if query.group_by is True:
                query.add_fields((f.attname for f in self.model._meta.concrete_fields), False)
                query.set_group_by()
                query.clear_select_fields()

            if fields:
                field_names = []
                extra_names = []
                annotation_names = []
                if not query._extra and not query._annotations:
                    # Shortcut - if there are no extra or annotations, then
                    # the values() clause must be just field names.
                    field_names = list(fields)
                else:
                    query.default_cols = False
                    for f in fields:
                        if f in query.extra_select:
                            extra_names.append(f)
                        elif f in query.annotation_select:
                            annotation_names.append(f)
                        else:
                            field_names.append(f)
                query.set_extra_mask(extra_names)
                query.set_annotation_mask(annotation_names)
            else:
                field_names = [f.attname for f in self.model._meta.concrete_fields]

            query.values_select = field_names
            query.add_fields(field_names, True)

            return clone

        def values(self, *fields):
            clone = self._values(*fields)
            clone._iterable_class = ValuesIterable
            return clone

        def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
            flat = kwargs.pop('flat', False)
            if kwargs:
                raise TypeError('Unexpected keyword arguments to values_list: %s' % (list(kwargs),))

            if flat and len(fields) > 1:
                raise TypeError("'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with more than one field.")

            clone = self._values(*fields)
            clone._iterable_class = FlatValuesListIterable if flat else ValuesListIterable
            return clone

        def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
            """
            Returns a list of date objects representing all available dates for
            the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
            """
            assert kind in ("year", "month", "day"), \
                "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month' or 'day'."
            assert order in ('ASC', 'DESC'), \
                "'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'."
            return self.annotate(
                datefield=Trunc(field_name, kind, output_field=DateField()),
                plain_field=F(field_name)
            ).values_list(
                'datefield', flat=True
            ).distinct().filter(plain_field__isnull=False).order_by(('-' if order == 'DESC' else '') + 'datefield')

        def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
            """
            Returns a list of datetime objects representing all available
            datetimes for the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
            """
            assert kind in ("year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"), \
                "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute' or 'second'."
            assert order in ('ASC', 'DESC'), \
                "'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'."
            if settings.USE_TZ:
                if tzinfo is None:
                    tzinfo = timezone.get_current_timezone()
            else:
                tzinfo = None
            return self.annotate(
                datetimefield=Trunc(field_name, kind, output_field=DateTimeField(), tzinfo=tzinfo),
                plain_field=F(field_name)
            ).values_list(
                'datetimefield', flat=True
            ).distinct().filter(plain_field__isnull=False).order_by(('-' if order == 'DESC' else '') + 'datetimefield')

        def none(self):
            """
            Returns an empty QuerySet.
            """
            clone = self._clone()
            clone.query.set_empty()
            return clone

        ##################################################################
        # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
        ##################################################################

        def all(self):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet that is a copy of the current one. This allows a
            QuerySet to proxy for a model manager in some cases.
            """
            return self._clone()

        def filter(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance with the args ANDed to the existing
            set.
            """
            return self._filter_or_exclude(False, *args, **kwargs)

        def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance with NOT (args) ANDed to the existing
            set.
            """
            return self._filter_or_exclude(True, *args, **kwargs)

        def _filter_or_exclude(self, negate, *args, **kwargs):
            if args or kwargs:
                assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                    "Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken."

            clone = self._clone()
            if negate:
                clone.query.add_q(~Q(*args, **kwargs))
            else:
                clone.query.add_q(Q(*args, **kwargs))
            return clone

        def complex_filter(self, filter_obj):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance with filter_obj added to the filters.

            filter_obj can be a Q object (or anything with an add_to_query()
            method) or a dictionary of keyword lookup arguments.

            This exists to support framework features such as 'limit_choices_to',
            and usually it will be more natural to use other methods.
            """
            if isinstance(filter_obj, Q) or hasattr(filter_obj, 'add_to_query'):
                clone = self._clone()
                clone.query.add_q(filter_obj)
                return clone
            else:
                return self._filter_or_exclude(None, **filter_obj)

        def select_for_update(self, nowait=False):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select objects with a
            FOR UPDATE lock.
            """
            obj = self._clone()
            obj._for_write = True
            obj.query.select_for_update = True
            obj.query.select_for_update_nowait = nowait
            return obj

        def select_related(self, *fields):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select related objects.

            If fields are specified, they must be ForeignKey fields and only those
            related objects are included in the selection.

            If select_related(None) is called, the list is cleared.
            """

            if self._fields is not None:
                raise TypeError("Cannot call select_related() after .values() or .values_list()")

            obj = self._clone()
            if fields == (None,):
                obj.query.select_related = False
            elif fields:
                obj.query.add_select_related(fields)
            else:
                obj.query.select_related = True
            return obj

        def prefetch_related(self, *lookups):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance that will prefetch the specified
            Many-To-One and Many-To-Many related objects when the QuerySet is
            evaluated.

            When prefetch_related() is called more than once, the list of lookups to
            prefetch is appended to. If prefetch_related(None) is called, the list
            is cleared.
            """
            clone = self._clone()
            if lookups == (None,):
                clone._prefetch_related_lookups = []
            else:
                clone._prefetch_related_lookups.extend(lookups)
            return clone

        def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """
            Return a query set in which the returned objects have been annotated
            with extra data or aggregations.
            """
            annotations = OrderedDict()  # To preserve ordering of args
            for arg in args:
                # The default_alias property may raise a TypeError, so we use
                # a try/except construct rather than hasattr in order to remain
                # consistent between PY2 and PY3 (hasattr would swallow
                # the TypeError on PY2).
                try:
                    if arg.default_alias in kwargs:
                        raise ValueError("The named annotation '%s' conflicts with the "
                                         "default name for another annotation."
                                         % arg.default_alias)
                except (AttributeError, TypeError):
                    raise TypeError("Complex annotations require an alias")
                annotations[arg.default_alias] = arg
            annotations.update(kwargs)

            clone = self._clone()
            names = self._fields
            if names is None:
                names = {f.name for f in self.model._meta.get_fields()}

            for alias, annotation in annotations.items():
                if alias in names:
                    raise ValueError("The annotation '%s' conflicts with a field on "
                                     "the model." % alias)
                clone.query.add_annotation(annotation, alias, is_summary=False)

            for alias, annotation in clone.query.annotations.items():
                if alias in annotations and annotation.contains_aggregate:
                    if clone._fields is None:
                        clone.query.group_by = True
                    else:
                        clone.query.set_group_by()
                    break

            return clone

        def order_by(self, *field_names):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed.
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken."
            obj = self._clone()
            obj.query.clear_ordering(force_empty=False)
            obj.query.add_ordering(*field_names)
            return obj

        def distinct(self, *field_names):
            """
            Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select only distinct results.
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken."
            obj = self._clone()
            obj.query.add_distinct_fields(*field_names)
            return obj

        def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None,
                  order_by=None, select_params=None):
            """
            Adds extra SQL fragments to the query.
            """
            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
                "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken"
            clone = self._clone()
            clone.query.add_extra(select, select_params, where, params, tables, order_by)
            return clone

        def reverse(self):
            """
            Reverses the ordering of the QuerySet.
            """
            clone = self._clone()
            clone.query.standard_ordering = not clone.query.standard_ordering
            return clone

        def defer(self, *fields):
            """
            Defers the loading of data for certain fields until they are accessed.
            The set of fields to defer is added to any existing set of deferred
            fields. The only exception to this is if None is passed in as the only
            parameter, in which case all deferrals are removed (None acts as a
            reset option).
            """
            if self._fields is not None:
                raise TypeError("Cannot call defer() after .values() or .values_list()")
            clone = self._clone()
            if fields == (None,):
                clone.query.clear_deferred_loading()
            else:
                clone.query.add_deferred_loading(fields)
            return clone

        def only(self, *fields):
            """
            Essentially, the opposite of defer. Only the fields passed into this
            method and that are not already specified as deferred are loaded
            immediately when the queryset is evaluated.
            """
            if self._fields is not None:
                raise TypeError("Cannot call only() after .values() or .values_list()")
            if fields == (None,):
                # Can only pass None to defer(), not only(), as the rest option.
                # That won't stop people trying to do this, so let's be explicit.
                raise TypeError("Cannot pass None as an argument to only().")
            clone = self._clone()
            clone.query.add_immediate_loading(fields)
            return clone

        def using(self, alias):
            """
            Selects which database this QuerySet should execute its query against.
            """
            clone = self._clone()
            clone._db = alias
            return clone

        ###################################
        # PUBLIC INTROSPECTION ATTRIBUTES #
        ###################################

        def ordered(self):
            """
            Returns True if the QuerySet is ordered -- i.e. has an order_by()
            clause or a default ordering on the model.
            """
            if self.query.extra_order_by or self.query.order_by:
                return True
            elif self.query.default_ordering and self.query.get_meta().ordering:
                return True
            else:
                return False
        ordered = property(ordered)

        @property
        def db(self):
            "Return the database that will be used if this query is executed now"
            if self._for_write:
                return self._db or router.db_for_write(self.model, **self._hints)
            return self._db or router.db_for_read(self.model, **self._hints)

        ###################
        # PRIVATE METHODS #
        ###################

        def _insert(self, objs, fields, return_id=False, raw=False, using=None):
            """
            Inserts a new record for the given model. This provides an interface to
            the InsertQuery class and is how Model.save() is implemented.
            """
            self._for_write = True
            if using is None:
                using = self.db
            query = sql.InsertQuery(self.model)
            query.insert_values(fields, objs, raw=raw)
            return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
        _insert.alters_data = True
        _insert.queryset_only = False

        def _batched_insert(self, objs, fields, batch_size):
            """
            A little helper method for bulk_insert to insert the bulk one batch
            at a time. Inserts recursively a batch from the front of the bulk and
            then _batched_insert() the remaining objects again.
            """
            if not objs:
                return
            ops = connections[self.db].ops
            batch_size = (batch_size or max(ops.bulk_batch_size(fields, objs), 1))
            inserted_ids = []
            for item in [objs[i:i + batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size)]:
                if connections[self.db].features.can_return_ids_from_bulk_insert:
                    inserted_id = self._insert(item, fields=fields, using=self.db, return_id=True)
                    if isinstance(inserted_id, list):
                        inserted_ids.extend(inserted_id)
                    else:
                        inserted_ids.append(inserted_id)
                else:
                    self._insert(item, fields=fields, using=self.db)
            return inserted_ids

        def _clone(self, **kwargs):
            query = self.query.clone()
            if self._sticky_filter:
                query.filter_is_sticky = True
            clone = self.__class__(model=self.model, query=query, using=self._db, hints=self._hints)
            clone._for_write = self._for_write
            clone._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups[:]
            clone._known_related_objects = self._known_related_objects
            clone._iterable_class = self._iterable_class
            clone._fields = self._fields

            clone.__dict__.update(kwargs)
            return clone

        def _fetch_all(self):
            if self._result_cache is None:
                self._result_cache = list(self.iterator())
            if self._prefetch_related_lookups and not self._prefetch_done:
                self._prefetch_related_objects()

        def _next_is_sticky(self):
            """
            Indicates that the next filter call and the one following that should
            be treated as a single filter. This is only important when it comes to
            determining when to reuse tables for many-to-many filters. Required so
            that we can filter naturally on the results of related managers.

            This doesn't return a clone of the current QuerySet (it returns
            "self"). The method is only used internally and should be immediately
            followed by a filter() that does create a clone.
            """
            self._sticky_filter = True
            return self

        def _merge_sanity_check(self, other):
            """
            Checks that we are merging two comparable QuerySet classes.
            """
            if self._fields is not None and (
                    set(self.query.values_select) != set(other.query.values_select) or
                    set(self.query.extra_select) != set(other.query.extra_select) or
                    set(self.query.annotation_select) != set(other.query.annotation_select)):
                raise TypeError(
                    "Merging '%s' classes must involve the same values in each case."
                    % self.__class__.__name__
                )

        def _merge_known_related_objects(self, other):
            """
            Keep track of all known related objects from either QuerySet instance.
            """
            for field, objects in other._known_related_objects.items():
                self._known_related_objects.setdefault(field, {}).update(objects)

        def _prepare(self, field):
            if self._fields is not None:
                # values() queryset can only be used as nested queries
                # if they are set up to select only a single field.
                if len(self._fields or self.model._meta.concrete_fields) > 1:
                    raise TypeError('Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value.')
            elif self.model != field.model:
                # If the query is used as a subquery for a ForeignKey with non-pk
                # target field, make sure to select the target field in the subquery.
                foreign_fields = getattr(field, 'foreign_related_fields', ())
                if len(foreign_fields) == 1 and not foreign_fields[0].primary_key:
                    return self.values(foreign_fields[0].name)
            return self

        def _as_sql(self, connection):
            """
            Returns the internal query's SQL and parameters (as a tuple).
            """
            if self._fields is not None:
                # values() queryset can only be used as nested queries
                # if they are set up to select only a single field.
                if len(self._fields or self.model._meta.concrete_fields) > 1:
                    raise TypeError('Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value.')
                clone = self._clone()
            else:
                clone = self.values('pk')

            if clone._db is None or connection == connections[clone._db]:
                return clone.query.get_compiler(connection=connection).as_nested_sql()
            raise ValueError("Can't do subqueries with queries on different DBs.")

        # When used as part of a nested query, a queryset will never be an "always
        # empty" result.
        value_annotation = True

        def _add_hints(self, **hints):
            """
            Update hinting information for later use by Routers
            """
            # If there is any hinting information, add it to what we already know.
            # If we have a new hint for an existing key, overwrite with the new value.
            self._hints.update(hints)

        def _has_filters(self):
            """
            Checks if this QuerySet has any filtering going on. Note that this
            isn't equivalent for checking if all objects are present in results,
            for example qs[1:]._has_filters() -> False.
            """
            return self.query.has_filters()

        def is_compatible_query_object_type(self, opts, field):
            """
            Check that using this queryset as the rhs value for a lookup is
            allowed. The opts are the options of the relation's target we are
            querying against. For example in .filter(author__in=Author.objects.all())
            the opts would be Author's (from the author field) and self.model would
            be Author.objects.all() queryset's .model (Author also). The field is
            the related field on the lhs side.
            """
            # We trust that users of values() know what they are doing.
            if self._fields is not None:
                return True
            return check_rel_lookup_compatibility(self.model, opts, field)
        is_compatible_query_object_type.queryset_only = True

    class InstanceCheckMeta(type):
        def __instancecheck__(self, instance):
            return isinstance(instance, QuerySet) and instance.query.is_empty()

    class EmptyQuerySet(six.with_metaclass(InstanceCheckMeta)):
        """
        Marker class usable for checking if a queryset is empty by .none():
            isinstance(qs.none(), EmptyQuerySet) -> True
        """

        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            raise TypeError("EmptyQuerySet can't be instantiated")

    class RawQuerySet(object):
        """
        Provides an iterator which converts the results of raw SQL queries into
        annotated model instances.
        """
        def __init__(self, raw_query, model=None, query=None, params=None,
                     translations=None, using=None, hints=None):
            self.raw_query = raw_query
            self.model = model
            self._db = using
            self._hints = hints or {}
            self.query = query or sql.RawQuery(sql=raw_query, using=self.db, params=params)
            self.params = params or ()
            self.translations = translations or {}

        def resolve_model_init_order(self):
            """
            Resolve the init field names and value positions
            """
            model_init_fields = [f for f in self.model._meta.fields if f.column in self.columns]
            annotation_fields = [(column, pos) for pos, column in enumerate(self.columns)
                                 if column not in self.model_fields]
            model_init_order = [self.columns.index(f.column) for f in model_init_fields]
            model_init_names = [f.attname for f in model_init_fields]
            return model_init_names, model_init_order, annotation_fields

        def __iter__(self):
            # Cache some things for performance reasons outside the loop.
            db = self.db
            compiler = connections[db].ops.compiler('SQLCompiler')(
                self.query, connections[db], db
            )

            query = iter(self.query)

            try:
                model_init_names, model_init_pos, annotation_fields = self.resolve_model_init_order()

                # Find out which model's fields are not present in the query.
                skip = set()
                for field in self.model._meta.fields:
                    if field.attname not in model_init_names:
                        skip.add(field.attname)
                if skip:
                    if self.model._meta.pk.attname in skip:
                        raise InvalidQuery('Raw query must include the primary key')
                model_cls = self.model
                fields = [self.model_fields.get(c) for c in self.columns]
                converters = compiler.get_converters([
                    f.get_col(f.model._meta.db_table) if f else None for f in fields
                ])
                for values in query:
                    if converters:
                        values = compiler.apply_converters(values, converters)
                    # Associate fields to values
                    model_init_values = [values[pos] for pos in model_init_pos]
                    instance = model_cls.from_db(db, model_init_names, model_init_values)
                    if annotation_fields:
                        for column, pos in annotation_fields:
                            setattr(instance, column, values[pos])
                    yield instance
            finally:
                # Done iterating the Query. If it has its own cursor, close it.
                if hasattr(self.query, 'cursor') and self.query.cursor:
                    self.query.cursor.close()

        def __repr__(self):
            return "<RawQuerySet: %s>" % self.query

        def __getitem__(self, k):
            return list(self)[k]

        @property
        def db(self):
            "Return the database that will be used if this query is executed now"
            return self._db or router.db_for_read(self.model, **self._hints)

        def using(self, alias):
            """
            Selects which database this Raw QuerySet should execute its query against.
            """
            return RawQuerySet(
                self.raw_query, model=self.model,
                query=self.query.clone(using=alias),
                params=self.params, translations=self.translations,
                using=alias,
            )

        @property
        def columns(self):
            """
            A list of model field names in the order they'll appear in the
            query results.
            """
            if not hasattr(self, '_columns'):
                self._columns = self.query.get_columns()

                # Adjust any column names which don't match field names
                for (query_name, model_name) in self.translations.items():
                    try:
                        index = self._columns.index(query_name)
                        self._columns[index] = model_name
                    except ValueError:
                        # Ignore translations for non-existent column names
                        pass

            return self._columns

        @property
        def model_fields(self):
            """
            A dict mapping column names to model field names.
            """
            if not hasattr(self, '_model_fields'):
                converter = connections[self.db].introspection.table_name_converter
                self._model_fields = {}
                for field in self.model._meta.fields:
                    name, column = field.get_attname_column()
                    self._model_fields[converter(column)] = field
            return self._model_fields

    class Prefetch(object):
        def __init__(self, lookup, queryset=None, to_attr=None):
            # `prefetch_through` is the path we traverse to perform the prefetch.
            self.prefetch_through = lookup
            # `prefetch_to` is the path to the attribute that stores the result.
            self.prefetch_to = lookup
            if queryset is not None and queryset._iterable_class is not ModelIterable:
                raise ValueError('Prefetch querysets cannot use values().')
            if to_attr:
                self.prefetch_to = LOOKUP_SEP.join(lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[:-1] + [to_attr])

            self.queryset = queryset
            self.to_attr = to_attr

        def add_prefix(self, prefix):
            self.prefetch_through = LOOKUP_SEP.join([prefix, self.prefetch_through])
            self.prefetch_to = LOOKUP_SEP.join([prefix, self.prefetch_to])

        def get_current_prefetch_through(self, level):
            return LOOKUP_SEP.join(self.prefetch_through.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[:level + 1])

        def get_current_prefetch_to(self, level):
            return LOOKUP_SEP.join(self.prefetch_to.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[:level + 1])

        def get_current_to_attr(self, level):
            parts = self.prefetch_to.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
            to_attr = parts[level]
            as_attr = self.to_attr and level == len(parts) - 1
            return to_attr, as_attr

        def get_current_queryset(self, level):
            if self.get_current_prefetch_to(level) == self.prefetch_to:
                return self.queryset
            return None

        def __eq__(self, other):
            if isinstance(other, Prefetch):
                return self.prefetch_to == other.prefetch_to
            return False

        def __hash__(self):
            return hash(self.__class__) ^ hash(self.prefetch_to)

    def normalize_prefetch_lookups(lookups, prefix=None):
        """
        Helper function that normalize lookups into Prefetch objects.
        """
        ret = []
        for lookup in lookups:
            if not isinstance(lookup, Prefetch):
                lookup = Prefetch(lookup)
            if prefix:
                lookup.add_prefix(prefix)
            ret.append(lookup)
        return ret

    def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
        """
        Populate prefetched object caches for a list of model instances based on
        the lookups/Prefetch instances given.
        """
        if len(model_instances) == 0:
            return  # nothing to do

        related_lookups = normalize_prefetch_lookups(related_lookups)

        # We need to be able to dynamically add to the list of prefetch_related
        # lookups that we look up (see below).  So we need some book keeping to
        # ensure we don't do duplicate work.
        done_queries = {}    # dictionary of things like 'foo__bar': [results]

        auto_lookups = set()  # we add to this as we go through.
        followed_descriptors = set()  # recursion protection

        all_lookups = deque(related_lookups)
        while all_lookups:
            lookup = all_lookups.popleft()
            if lookup.prefetch_to in done_queries:
                if lookup.queryset:
                    raise ValueError("'%s' lookup was already seen with a different queryset. "
                                     "You may need to adjust the ordering of your lookups." % lookup.prefetch_to)

                continue

            # Top level, the list of objects to decorate is the result cache
            # from the primary QuerySet. It won't be for deeper levels.
            obj_list = model_instances

            through_attrs = lookup.prefetch_through.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
            for level, through_attr in enumerate(through_attrs):
                # Prepare main instances
                if len(obj_list) == 0:
                    break

                prefetch_to = lookup.get_current_prefetch_to(level)
                if prefetch_to in done_queries:
                    # Skip any prefetching, and any object preparation
                    obj_list = done_queries[prefetch_to]
                    continue

                # Prepare objects:
                good_objects = True
                for obj in obj_list:
                    # Since prefetching can re-use instances, it is possible to have
                    # the same instance multiple times in obj_list, so obj might
                    # already be prepared.
                    if not hasattr(obj, '_prefetched_objects_cache'):
                        try:
                            obj._prefetched_objects_cache = {}
                        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
                            # Must be an immutable object from
                            # values_list(flat=True), for example (TypeError) or
                            # a QuerySet subclass that isn't returning Model
                            # instances (AttributeError), either in Django or a 3rd
                            # party. prefetch_related() doesn't make sense, so quit.
                            good_objects = False
                            break
                if not good_objects:
                    break

                # Descend down tree

                # We assume that objects retrieved are homogeneous (which is the premise
                # of prefetch_related), so what applies to first object applies to all.
                first_obj = obj_list[0]
                to_attr = lookup.get_current_to_attr(level)[0]
                prefetcher, descriptor, attr_found, is_fetched = get_prefetcher(first_obj, through_attr, to_attr)

                if not attr_found:
                    raise AttributeError("Cannot find '%s' on %s object, '%s' is an invalid "
                                         "parameter to prefetch_related()" %
                                         (through_attr, first_obj.__class__.__name__, lookup.prefetch_through))

                if level == len(through_attrs) - 1 and prefetcher is None:
                    # Last one, this *must* resolve to something that supports
                    # prefetching, otherwise there is no point adding it and the
                    # developer asking for it has made a mistake.
                    raise ValueError("'%s' does not resolve to an item that supports "
                                     "prefetching - this is an invalid parameter to "
                                     "prefetch_related()." % lookup.prefetch_through)

                if prefetcher is not None and not is_fetched:
                    obj_list, additional_lookups = prefetch_one_level(obj_list, prefetcher, lookup, level)
                    # We need to ensure we don't keep adding lookups from the
                    # same relationships to stop infinite recursion. So, if we
                    # are already on an automatically added lookup, don't add
                    # the new lookups from relationships we've seen already.
                    if not (lookup in auto_lookups and descriptor in followed_descriptors):
                        done_queries[prefetch_to] = obj_list
                        new_lookups = normalize_prefetch_lookups(additional_lookups, prefetch_to)
                        auto_lookups.update(new_lookups)
                        all_lookups.extendleft(new_lookups)
                    followed_descriptors.add(descriptor)
                else:
                    # Either a singly related object that has already been fetched
                    # (e.g. via select_related), or hopefully some other property
                    # that doesn't support prefetching but needs to be traversed.

                    # We replace the current list of parent objects with the list
                    # of related objects, filtering out empty or missing values so
                    # that we can continue with nullable or reverse relations.
                    new_obj_list = []
                    for obj in obj_list:
                        try:
                            new_obj = getattr(obj, through_attr)
                        except exceptions.ObjectDoesNotExist:
                            continue
                        if new_obj is None:
                            continue
                        # We special-case `list` rather than something more generic
                        # like `Iterable` because we don't want to accidentally match
                        # user models that define __iter__.
                        if isinstance(new_obj, list):
                            new_obj_list.extend(new_obj)
                        else:
                            new_obj_list.append(new_obj)
                    obj_list = new_obj_list

    def get_prefetcher(instance, through_attr, to_attr):
        """
        For the attribute 'through_attr' on the given instance, finds
        an object that has a get_prefetch_queryset().
        Returns a 4 tuple containing:
        (the object with get_prefetch_queryset (or None),
         the descriptor object representing this relationship (or None),
         a boolean that is False if the attribute was not found at all,
         a boolean that is True if the attribute has already been fetched)
        """
        prefetcher = None
        is_fetched = False

        # For singly related objects, we have to avoid getting the attribute
        # from the object, as this will trigger the query. So we first try
        # on the class, in order to get the descriptor object.
        rel_obj_descriptor = getattr(instance.__class__, through_attr, None)
        if rel_obj_descriptor is None:
            attr_found = hasattr(instance, through_attr)
        else:
            attr_found = True
            if rel_obj_descriptor:
                # singly related object, descriptor object has the
                # get_prefetch_queryset() method.
                if hasattr(rel_obj_descriptor, 'get_prefetch_queryset'):
                    prefetcher = rel_obj_descriptor
                    if rel_obj_descriptor.is_cached(instance):
                        is_fetched = True
                else:
                    # descriptor doesn't support prefetching, so we go ahead and get
                    # the attribute on the instance rather than the class to
                    # support many related managers
                    rel_obj = getattr(instance, through_attr)
                    if hasattr(rel_obj, 'get_prefetch_queryset'):
                        prefetcher = rel_obj
                    if through_attr != to_attr:
                        # Special case cached_property instances because hasattr
                        # triggers attribute computation and assignment.
                        if isinstance(getattr(instance.__class__, to_attr, None), cached_property):
                            is_fetched = to_attr in instance.__dict__
                        else:
                            is_fetched = hasattr(instance, to_attr)
                    else:
                        is_fetched = through_attr in instance._prefetched_objects_cache
        return prefetcher, rel_obj_descriptor, attr_found, is_fetched

    def prefetch_one_level(instances, prefetcher, lookup, level):
        """
        Helper function for prefetch_related_objects

        Runs prefetches on all instances using the prefetcher object,
        assigning results to relevant caches in instance.

        The prefetched objects are returned, along with any additional
        prefetches that must be done due to prefetch_related lookups
        found from default managers.
        """
        # prefetcher must have a method get_prefetch_queryset() which takes a list
        # of instances, and returns a tuple:

        # (queryset of instances of self.model that are related to passed in instances,
        #  callable that gets value to be matched for returned instances,
        #  callable that gets value to be matched for passed in instances,
        #  boolean that is True for singly related objects,
        #  cache name to assign to).

        # The 'values to be matched' must be hashable as they will be used
        # in a dictionary.

        rel_qs, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, single, cache_name = (
            prefetcher.get_prefetch_queryset(instances, lookup.get_current_queryset(level)))
        # We have to handle the possibility that the QuerySet we just got back
        # contains some prefetch_related lookups. We don't want to trigger the
        # prefetch_related functionality by evaluating the query. Rather, we need
        # to merge in the prefetch_related lookups.
        # Copy the lookups in case it is a Prefetch object which could be reused
        # later (happens in nested prefetch_related).
        additional_lookups = [
            copy.copy(additional_lookup) for additional_lookup
            in getattr(rel_qs, '_prefetch_related_lookups', [])
        ]
        if additional_lookups:
            # Don't need to clone because the manager should have given us a fresh
            # instance, so we access an internal instead of using public interface
            # for performance reasons.
            rel_qs._prefetch_related_lookups = []

        all_related_objects = list(rel_qs)

        rel_obj_cache = {}
        for rel_obj in all_related_objects:
            rel_attr_val = rel_obj_attr(rel_obj)
            rel_obj_cache.setdefault(rel_attr_val, []).append(rel_obj)

        to_attr, as_attr = lookup.get_current_to_attr(level)
        # Make sure `to_attr` does not conflict with a field.
        if as_attr and instances:
            # We assume that objects retrieved are homogeneous (which is the premise
            # of prefetch_related), so what applies to first object applies to all.
            model = instances[0].__class__
            try:
                model._meta.get_field(to_attr)
            except exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist:
                pass
            else:
                msg = 'to_attr={} conflicts with a field on the {} model.'
                raise ValueError(msg.format(to_attr, model.__name__))

        # Whether or not we're prefetching the last part of the lookup.
        leaf = len(lookup.prefetch_through.split(LOOKUP_SEP)) - 1 == level

        for obj in instances:
            instance_attr_val = instance_attr(obj)
            vals = rel_obj_cache.get(instance_attr_val, [])

            if single:
                val = vals[0] if vals else None
                to_attr = to_attr if as_attr else cache_name
                setattr(obj, to_attr, val)
            else:
                if as_attr:
                    setattr(obj, to_attr, vals)
                else:
                    manager = getattr(obj, to_attr)
                    if leaf and lookup.queryset is not None:
                        try:
                            apply_rel_filter = manager._apply_rel_filters
                        except AttributeError:
                            warnings.warn(
                                "The `%s.%s` class must implement a `_apply_rel_filters()` "
                                "method that accepts a `QuerySet` as its single "
                                "argument and returns an appropriately filtered version "
                                "of it." % (manager.__class__.__module__, manager.__class__.__name__),
                                RemovedInDjango20Warning,
                            )
                            qs = manager.get_queryset()
                        else:
                            qs = apply_rel_filter(lookup.queryset)
                    else:
                        qs = manager.get_queryset()
                    qs._result_cache = vals
                    # We don't want the individual qs doing prefetch_related now,
                    # since we have merged this into the current work.
                    qs._prefetch_done = True
                    obj._prefetched_objects_cache[cache_name] = qs
        return all_related_objects, additional_lookups

    class RelatedPopulator(object):
        """
        RelatedPopulator is used for select_related() object instantiation.

        The idea is that each select_related() model will be populated by a
        different RelatedPopulator instance. The RelatedPopulator instances get
        klass_info and select (computed in SQLCompiler) plus the used db as
        input for initialization. That data is used to compute which columns
        to use, how to instantiate the model, and how to populate the links
        between the objects.

        The actual creation of the objects is done in populate() method. This
        method gets row and from_obj as input and populates the select_related()
        model instance.
        """
        def __init__(self, klass_info, select, db):
            self.db = db
            # Pre-compute needed attributes. The attributes are:
            #  - model_cls: the possibly deferred model class to instantiate
            #  - either:
            #    - cols_start, cols_end: usually the columns in the row are
            #      in the same order model_cls.__init__ expects them, so we
            #      can instantiate by model_cls(*row[cols_start:cols_end])
            #    - reorder_for_init: When select_related descends to a child
            #      class, then we want to reuse the already selected parent
            #      data. However, in this case the parent data isn't necessarily
            #      in the same order that Model.__init__ expects it to be, so
            #      we have to reorder the parent data. The reorder_for_init
            #      attribute contains a function used to reorder the field data
            #      in the order __init__ expects it.
            #  - pk_idx: the index of the primary key field in the reordered
            #    model data. Used to check if a related object exists at all.
            #  - init_list: the field attnames fetched from the database. For
            #    deferred models this isn't the same as all attnames of the
            #    model's fields.
            #  - related_populators: a list of RelatedPopulator instances if
            #    select_related() descends to related models from this model.
            #  - cache_name, reverse_cache_name: the names to use for setattr
            #    when assigning the fetched object to the from_obj. If the
            #    reverse_cache_name is set, then we also set the reverse link.
            select_fields = klass_info['select_fields']
            from_parent = klass_info['from_parent']
            if not from_parent:
                self.cols_start = select_fields[0]
                self.cols_end = select_fields[-1] + 1
                self.init_list = [
                    f[0].target.attname for f in select[self.cols_start:self.cols_end]
                ]
                self.reorder_for_init = None
            else:
                model_init_attnames = [
                    f.attname for f in klass_info['model']._meta.concrete_fields
                ]
                reorder_map = []
                for idx in select_fields:
                    field = select[idx][0].target
                    init_pos = model_init_attnames.index(field.attname)
                    reorder_map.append((init_pos, field.attname, idx))
                reorder_map.sort()
                self.init_list = [v[1] for v in reorder_map]
                pos_list = [row_pos for _, _, row_pos in reorder_map]

                def reorder_for_init(row):
                    return [row[row_pos] for row_pos in pos_list]
                self.reorder_for_init = reorder_for_init

            self.model_cls = klass_info['model']
            self.pk_idx = self.init_list.index(self.model_cls._meta.pk.attname)
            self.related_populators = get_related_populators(klass_info, select, self.db)
            field = klass_info['field']
            reverse = klass_info['reverse']
            self.reverse_cache_name = None
            if reverse:
                self.cache_name = field.remote_field.get_cache_name()
                self.reverse_cache_name = field.get_cache_name()
            else:
                self.cache_name = field.get_cache_name()
                if field.unique:
                    self.reverse_cache_name = field.remote_field.get_cache_name()

        def populate(self, row, from_obj):
            if self.reorder_for_init:
                obj_data = self.reorder_for_init(row)
            else:
                obj_data = row[self.cols_start:self.cols_end]
            if obj_data[self.pk_idx] is None:
                obj = None
            else:
                obj = self.model_cls.from_db(self.db, self.init_list, obj_data)
            if obj and self.related_populators:
                for rel_iter in self.related_populators:
                    rel_iter.populate(row, obj)
            setattr(from_obj, self.cache_name, obj)
            if obj and self.reverse_cache_name:
                setattr(obj, self.reverse_cache_name, from_obj)

    def get_related_populators(klass_info, select, db):
        iterators = []
        related_klass_infos = klass_info.get('related_klass_infos', [])
        for rel_klass_info in related_klass_infos:
            rel_cls = RelatedPopulator(rel_klass_info, select, db)
            iterators.append(rel_cls)
        return iterators