# documentación de Django - 1.10.7

# Código fuente para django.db.models.lookups

    import math
    import warnings
    from copy import copy

    from django.db.models.expressions import Func, Value
    from django.db.models.fields import DateTimeField, Field, IntegerField
    from django.db.models.query_utils import RegisterLookupMixin
    from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango20Warning
    from django.utils.functional import cached_property
    from django.utils.six.moves import range

    class Lookup(object):
        lookup_name = None
        prepare_rhs = True

        def __init__(self, lhs, rhs):
            self.lhs, self.rhs = lhs, rhs
            self.rhs = self.get_prep_lookup()
            if hasattr(self.lhs, 'get_bilateral_transforms'):
                bilateral_transforms = self.lhs.get_bilateral_transforms()
            else:
                bilateral_transforms = []
            if bilateral_transforms:
                # Warn the user as soon as possible if they are trying to apply
                # a bilateral transformation on a nested QuerySet: that won't work.
                # We need to import QuerySet here so as to avoid circular
                from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
                if isinstance(rhs, QuerySet):
                    raise NotImplementedError("Bilateral transformations on nested querysets are not supported.")
            self.bilateral_transforms = bilateral_transforms

        def apply_bilateral_transforms(self, value):
            for transform in self.bilateral_transforms:
                value = transform(value)
            return value

        def batch_process_rhs(self, compiler, connection, rhs=None):
            if rhs is None:
                rhs = self.rhs
            if self.bilateral_transforms:
                sqls, sqls_params = [], []
                for p in rhs:
                    value = Value(p, output_field=self.lhs.output_field)
                    value = self.apply_bilateral_transforms(value)
                    value = value.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
                    sql, sql_params = compiler.compile(value)
                    sqls.append(sql)
                    sqls_params.extend(sql_params)
            else:
                _, params = self.get_db_prep_lookup(rhs, connection)
                sqls, sqls_params = ['%s'] * len(params), params
            return sqls, sqls_params

        def get_prep_lookup(self):
            if hasattr(self.rhs, '_prepare'):
                return self.rhs._prepare(self.lhs.output_field)
            if self.prepare_rhs and hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'get_prep_value'):
                return self.lhs.output_field.get_prep_value(self.rhs)
            return self.rhs

        def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
            return ('%s', [value])

        def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection, lhs=None):
            lhs = lhs or self.lhs
            return compiler.compile(lhs)

        def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
            value = self.rhs
            if self.bilateral_transforms:
                if self.rhs_is_direct_value():
                    # Do not call get_db_prep_lookup here as the value will be
                    # transformed before being used for lookup
                    value = Value(value, output_field=self.lhs.output_field)
                value = self.apply_bilateral_transforms(value)
                value = value.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
            # Due to historical reasons there are a couple of different
            # ways to produce sql here. get_compiler is likely a Query
            # instance, _as_sql QuerySet and as_sql just something with
            # as_sql. Finally the value can of course be just plain
            # Python value.
            if hasattr(value, 'get_compiler'):
                value = value.get_compiler(connection=connection)
            if hasattr(value, 'as_sql'):
                sql, params = compiler.compile(value)
                return '(' + sql + ')', params
            if hasattr(value, '_as_sql'):
                sql, params = value._as_sql(connection=connection)
                return '(' + sql + ')', params
            else:
                return self.get_db_prep_lookup(value, connection)

        def rhs_is_direct_value(self):
            return not(
                hasattr(self.rhs, 'as_sql') or
                hasattr(self.rhs, '_as_sql') or
                hasattr(self.rhs, 'get_compiler'))

        def relabeled_clone(self, relabels):
            new = copy(self)
            new.lhs = new.lhs.relabeled_clone(relabels)
            if hasattr(new.rhs, 'relabeled_clone'):
                new.rhs = new.rhs.relabeled_clone(relabels)
            return new

        def get_group_by_cols(self):
            cols = self.lhs.get_group_by_cols()
            if hasattr(self.rhs, 'get_group_by_cols'):
                cols.extend(self.rhs.get_group_by_cols())
            return cols

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            raise NotImplementedError

        @cached_property
        def contains_aggregate(self):
            return self.lhs.contains_aggregate or getattr(self.rhs, 'contains_aggregate', False)

    class Transform(RegisterLookupMixin, Func):
        """
        RegisterLookupMixin() is first so that get_lookup() and get_transform()
        first examine self and then check output_field.
        """
        bilateral = False
        arity = 1

        @property
        def lhs(self):
            return self.get_source_expressions()[0]

        def get_bilateral_transforms(self):
            if hasattr(self.lhs, 'get_bilateral_transforms'):
                bilateral_transforms = self.lhs.get_bilateral_transforms()
            else:
                bilateral_transforms = []
            if self.bilateral:
                bilateral_transforms.append(self.__class__)
            return bilateral_transforms

    class BuiltinLookup(Lookup):
        def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection, lhs=None):
            lhs_sql, params = super(BuiltinLookup, self).process_lhs(
                compiler, connection, lhs)
            field_internal_type = self.lhs.output_field.get_internal_type()
            db_type = self.lhs.output_field.db_type(connection=connection)
            lhs_sql = connection.ops.field_cast_sql(
                db_type, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
            lhs_sql = connection.ops.lookup_cast(self.lookup_name, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
            return lhs_sql, list(params)

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            lhs_sql, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
            rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
            params.extend(rhs_params)
            rhs_sql = self.get_rhs_op(connection, rhs_sql)
            return '%s %s' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params

        def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
            return connection.operators[self.lookup_name] % rhs

    class FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin(object):
        """
        Some lookups require Field.get_db_prep_value() to be called on their
        inputs.
        """
        get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable = False

        def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
            # For relational fields, use the output_field of the 'field' attribute.
            field = getattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'field', None)
            get_db_prep_value = getattr(field, 'get_db_prep_value', None)
            if not get_db_prep_value:
                get_db_prep_value = self.lhs.output_field.get_db_prep_value
            return (
                '%s',
                [get_db_prep_value(v, connection, prepared=True) for v in value]
                if self.get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable else
                [get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=True)]
            )

    class FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin):
        """
        Some lookups require Field.get_db_prep_value() to be called on each value
        in an iterable.
        """
        get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable = True

    class Exact(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'exact'
    Field.register_lookup(Exact)

    class IExact(BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'iexact'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
            rhs, params = super(IExact, self).process_rhs(qn, connection)
            if params:
                params[0] = connection.ops.prep_for_iexact_query(params[0])
            return rhs, params

    Field.register_lookup(IExact)

    class GreaterThan(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'gt'
    Field.register_lookup(GreaterThan)

    class GreaterThanOrEqual(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'gte'
    Field.register_lookup(GreaterThanOrEqual)

    class LessThan(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'lt'
    Field.register_lookup(LessThan)

    class LessThanOrEqual(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'lte'
    Field.register_lookup(LessThanOrEqual)

    class IntegerFieldFloatRounding(object):
        """
        Allow floats to work as query values for IntegerField. Without this, the
        decimal portion of the float would always be discarded.
        """
        def get_prep_lookup(self):
            if isinstance(self.rhs, float):
                self.rhs = math.ceil(self.rhs)
            return super(IntegerFieldFloatRounding, self).get_prep_lookup()

    class IntegerGreaterThanOrEqual(IntegerFieldFloatRounding, GreaterThanOrEqual):
        pass
    IntegerField.register_lookup(IntegerGreaterThanOrEqual)

    class IntegerLessThan(IntegerFieldFloatRounding, LessThan):
        pass
    IntegerField.register_lookup(IntegerLessThan)

    class In(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'in'

        def get_prep_lookup(self):
            if hasattr(self.rhs, '_prepare'):
                return self.rhs._prepare(self.lhs.output_field)
            if hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'get_prep_value'):
                return [self.lhs.output_field.get_prep_value(v) for v in self.rhs]
            return self.rhs

        def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
            db_rhs = getattr(self.rhs, '_db', None)
            if db_rhs is not None and db_rhs != connection.alias:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Subqueries aren't allowed across different databases. Force "
                    "the inner query to be evaluated using `list(inner_query)`."
                )

            if self.rhs_is_direct_value():
                try:
                    rhs = set(self.rhs)
                except TypeError:  # Unhashable items in self.rhs
                    rhs = self.rhs

                if not rhs:
                    from django.db.models.sql.datastructures import EmptyResultSet
                    raise EmptyResultSet

                # rhs should be an iterable; use batch_process_rhs() to
                # prepare/transform those values.
                sqls, sqls_params = self.batch_process_rhs(compiler, connection, rhs)
                placeholder = '(' + ', '.join(sqls) + ')'
                return (placeholder, sqls_params)
            else:
                return super(In, self).process_rhs(compiler, connection)

        def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
            return 'IN %s' % rhs

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            max_in_list_size = connection.ops.max_in_list_size()
            if self.rhs_is_direct_value() and max_in_list_size and len(self.rhs) > max_in_list_size:
                return self.split_parameter_list_as_sql(compiler, connection)
            return super(In, self).as_sql(compiler, connection)

        def split_parameter_list_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            # This is a special case for databases which limit the number of
            # elements which can appear in an 'IN' clause.
            max_in_list_size = connection.ops.max_in_list_size()
            lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
            rhs, rhs_params = self.batch_process_rhs(compiler, connection)
            in_clause_elements = ['(']
            params = []
            for offset in range(0, len(rhs_params), max_in_list_size):
                if offset > 0:
                    in_clause_elements.append(' OR ')
                in_clause_elements.append('%s IN (' % lhs)
                params.extend(lhs_params)
                sqls = rhs[offset: offset + max_in_list_size]
                sqls_params = rhs_params[offset: offset + max_in_list_size]
                param_group = ', '.join(sqls)
                in_clause_elements.append(param_group)
                in_clause_elements.append(')')
                params.extend(sqls_params)
            in_clause_elements.append(')')
            return ''.join(in_clause_elements), params
    Field.register_lookup(In)

    class PatternLookup(BuiltinLookup):

        def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
            # Assume we are in startswith. We need to produce SQL like:
            #     col LIKE %s, ['thevalue%']
            # For python values we can (and should) do that directly in Python,
            # but if the value is for example reference to other column, then
            # we need to add the % pattern match to the lookup by something like
            #     col LIKE othercol || '%%'
            # So, for Python values we don't need any special pattern, but for
            # SQL reference values or SQL transformations we need the correct
            # pattern added.
            if (hasattr(self.rhs, 'get_compiler') or hasattr(self.rhs, 'as_sql') or
                    hasattr(self.rhs, '_as_sql') or self.bilateral_transforms):
                pattern = connection.pattern_ops[self.lookup_name].format(connection.pattern_esc)
                return pattern.format(rhs)
            else:
                return super(PatternLookup, self).get_rhs_op(connection, rhs)

    class Contains(PatternLookup):
        lookup_name = 'contains'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
            rhs, params = super(Contains, self).process_rhs(qn, connection)
            if params and not self.bilateral_transforms:
                params[0] = "%%%s%%" % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(params[0])
            return rhs, params
    Field.register_lookup(Contains)

    class IContains(Contains):
        lookup_name = 'icontains'
        prepare_rhs = False
    Field.register_lookup(IContains)

    class StartsWith(PatternLookup):
        lookup_name = 'startswith'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
            rhs, params = super(StartsWith, self).process_rhs(qn, connection)
            if params and not self.bilateral_transforms:
                params[0] = "%s%%" % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(params[0])
            return rhs, params
    Field.register_lookup(StartsWith)

    class IStartsWith(PatternLookup):
        lookup_name = 'istartswith'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
            rhs, params = super(IStartsWith, self).process_rhs(qn, connection)
            if params and not self.bilateral_transforms:
                params[0] = "%s%%" % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(params[0])
            return rhs, params
    Field.register_lookup(IStartsWith)

    class EndsWith(PatternLookup):
        lookup_name = 'endswith'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
            rhs, params = super(EndsWith, self).process_rhs(qn, connection)
            if params and not self.bilateral_transforms:
                params[0] = "%%%s" % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(params[0])
            return rhs, params
    Field.register_lookup(EndsWith)

    class IEndsWith(PatternLookup):
        lookup_name = 'iendswith'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
            rhs, params = super(IEndsWith, self).process_rhs(qn, connection)
            if params and not self.bilateral_transforms:
                params[0] = "%%%s" % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(params[0])
            return rhs, params
    Field.register_lookup(IEndsWith)

    class Range(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'range'

        def get_prep_lookup(self):
            if hasattr(self.rhs, '_prepare'):
                return self.rhs._prepare(self.lhs.output_field)
            return [self.lhs.output_field.get_prep_value(v) for v in self.rhs]

        def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
            return "BETWEEN %s AND %s" % (rhs[0], rhs[1])

        def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
            if self.rhs_is_direct_value():
                # rhs should be an iterable of 2 values, we use batch_process_rhs
                # to prepare/transform those values
                return self.batch_process_rhs(compiler, connection)
            else:
                return super(Range, self).process_rhs(compiler, connection)
    Field.register_lookup(Range)

    class IsNull(BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'isnull'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            sql, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
            if self.rhs:
                return "%s IS NULL" % sql, params
            else:
                return "%s IS NOT NULL" % sql, params
    Field.register_lookup(IsNull)

    class Search(BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'search'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            warnings.warn(
                'The `__search` lookup is deprecated. See the 1.10 release notes '
                'for how to replace it.', RemovedInDjango20Warning, stacklevel=2
            )
            lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
            rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
            sql_template = connection.ops.fulltext_search_sql(field_name=lhs)
            return sql_template, lhs_params + rhs_params
    Field.register_lookup(Search)

    class Regex(BuiltinLookup):
        lookup_name = 'regex'
        prepare_rhs = False

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            if self.lookup_name in connection.operators:
                return super(Regex, self).as_sql(compiler, connection)
            else:
                lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
                rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
                sql_template = connection.ops.regex_lookup(self.lookup_name)
                return sql_template % (lhs, rhs), lhs_params + rhs_params
    Field.register_lookup(Regex)

    class IRegex(Regex):
        lookup_name = 'iregex'
    Field.register_lookup(IRegex)

    class YearLookup(Lookup):
        def year_lookup_bounds(self, connection, year):
            output_field = self.lhs.lhs.output_field
            if isinstance(output_field, DateTimeField):
                bounds = connection.ops.year_lookup_bounds_for_datetime_field(year)
            else:
                bounds = connection.ops.year_lookup_bounds_for_date_field(year)
            return bounds

    class YearComparisonLookup(YearLookup):
        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            # We will need to skip the extract part and instead go
            # directly with the originating field, that is self.lhs.lhs.
            lhs_sql, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection, self.lhs.lhs)
            rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
            rhs_sql = self.get_rhs_op(connection, rhs_sql)
            start, finish = self.year_lookup_bounds(connection, rhs_params[0])
            params.append(self.get_bound(start, finish))
            return '%s %s' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params

        def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
            return connection.operators[self.lookup_name] % rhs

        def get_bound(self):
            raise NotImplementedError(
                'subclasses of YearComparisonLookup must provide a get_bound() method'
            )

    class YearExact(YearLookup, Exact):
        lookup_name = 'exact'

        def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            # We will need to skip the extract part and instead go
            # directly with the originating field, that is self.lhs.lhs.
            lhs_sql, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection, self.lhs.lhs)
            rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
            try:
                # Check that rhs_params[0] exists (IndexError),
                # it isn't None (TypeError), and is a number (ValueError)
                int(rhs_params[0])
            except (IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
                # Can't determine the bounds before executing the query, so skip
                # optimizations by falling back to a standard exact comparison.
                return super(Exact, self).as_sql(compiler, connection)
            bounds = self.year_lookup_bounds(connection, rhs_params[0])
            params.extend(bounds)
            return '%s BETWEEN %%s AND %%s' % lhs_sql, params

    class YearGt(YearComparisonLookup):
        lookup_name = 'gt'

        def get_bound(self, start, finish):
            return finish

    class YearGte(YearComparisonLookup):
        lookup_name = 'gte'

        def get_bound(self, start, finish):
            return start

    class YearLt(YearComparisonLookup):
        lookup_name = 'lt'

        def get_bound(self, start, finish):
            return start

    class YearLte(YearComparisonLookup):
        lookup_name = 'lte'

        def get_bound(self, start, finish):
            return finish