# dokumentasi Django 2.0.8

# Terjemahan

## Ikhtisar

In order to make a Django project translatable, you have to add a minimal number of hooks to your Python code and templates. These hooks are called translation strings. They tell Django: "This text should be translated into the end user's language, if a translation for this text is available in that language." It's your responsibility to mark translatable strings; the system can only translate strings it knows about.

Django then provides utilities to extract the translation strings into a message file. This file is a convenient way for translators to provide the equivalent of the translation strings in the target language. Once the translators have filled in the message file, it must be compiled. This process relies on the GNU gettext toolset.

Once this is done, Django takes care of translating Web apps on the fly in each available language, according to users' language preferences.

Django's internationalization hooks are on by default, and that means there's a bit of i18n-related overhead in certain places of the framework. If you don't use internationalization, you should take the two seconds to set `USE_I18N = False` in your settings file. Then Django will make some optimizations so as not to load the internationalization machinery.

Catatan

There is also an independent but related `USE_L10N` setting that controls if Django should implement format localization. See Format localization for more details.

Catatan

Make sure you've activated translation for your project (the fastest way is to check if `MIDDLEWARE` includes `django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware`). If you haven't yet, see Bagaimana Django menemukan pilihan bahasa.

## Internationalization: in Python code

### Terjemahan standar

Specify a translation string by using the function `gettext()`. It's convention to import this as a shorter alias, `_`, to save typing.

Catatan

The `u` prefixing of `gettext` functions was originally to distinguish usage between unicode strings and bytestrings on Python 2. For code that supports only Python 3, they can be used interchangeably. A deprecation for the prefixed functions may happen in a future Django release.

Catatan

Python's standard library `gettext` module installs `_()` into the global namespace, as an alias for `gettext()`. In Django, we have chosen not to follow this practice, for a couple of reasons:

1. Sometimes, you should use `gettext_lazy()` as the default translation method for a particular file. Without `_()` in the global namespace, the developer has to think about which is the most appropriate translation function.
2. The underscore character (`_`) is used to represent "the previous result" in Python's interactive shell and doctest tests. Installing a global `_()` function causes interference. Explicitly importing `gettext()` as `_()` avoids this problem.

Fungsi-fungsi apa mungkin dinama lainkan sebagai `_`?

Because of how `xgettext` (used by `makemessages`) works, only functions that take a single string argument can be imported as `_`:

- `gettext()`
- `gettext_lazy()`

Di contoh ini, teks `"Welcome to my site."` ditandai sebagai deretan karakter terjemahan:

    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from django.utils.translation import gettext as _

    def my_view(request):
        output = _("Welcome to my site.")
        return HttpResponse(output)

Obviously, you could code this without using the alias. This example is identical to the previous one:

    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from django.utils.translation import gettext

    def my_view(request):
        output = gettext("Welcome to my site.")
        return HttpResponse(output)

Translation works on computed values. This example is identical to the previous two:

    def my_view(request):
        words = ['Welcome', 'to', 'my', 'site.']
        output = _(' '.join(words))
        return HttpResponse(output)

Terjemahan bekerja pada variabel. Kembali, ini adalah contoh yang mirip:

    def my_view(request):
        sentence = 'Welcome to my site.'
        output = _(sentence)
        return HttpResponse(output)

(The caveat with using variables or computed values, as in the previous two examples, is that Django's translation-string-detecting utility, `django-admin makemessages`, won't be able to find these strings. More on `makemessages` later.)

The strings you pass to `_()` or `gettext()` can take placeholders, specified with Python's standard named-string interpolation syntax. Example:

    def my_view(request, m, d):
        output = _('Today is %(month)s %(day)s.') % {'month': m, 'day': d}
        return HttpResponse(output)

This technique lets language-specific translations reorder the placeholder text. For example, an English translation may be `"Today is November 26."`, while a Spanish translation may be `"Hoy es 26 de Noviembre."` -- with the month and the day placeholders swapped.

For this reason, you should use named-string interpolation (e.g., `%(day)s`) instead of positional interpolation (e.g., `%s` or `%d`) whenever you have more than a single parameter. If you used positional interpolation, translations wouldn't be able to reorder placeholder text.

Since string extraction is done by the `xgettext` command, only syntaxes supported by `gettext` are supported by Django. Python f-strings and JavaScript template strings are not yet supported by `xgettext`.

### Komentar untuk penterjemah

If you would like to give translators hints about a translatable string, you can add a comment prefixed with the `Translators` keyword on the line preceding the string, e.g.:

    def my_view(request):
        # Translators: This message appears on the home page only
        output = gettext("Welcome to my site.")

The comment will then appear in the resulting `.po` file associated with the translatable construct located below it and should also be displayed by most translation tools.

Catatan

Hanya untuk kelengkapan, ini adalah fragmen sesuai dari menghasikan berkas `.po`:

    #. Translators: This message appears on the home page only
    # path/to/python/file.py:123
    msgid "Welcome to my site."
    msgstr ""

This also works in templates. See Komentar untuk penterjemah dalam cetakan for more details.

### Marking strings as no-op

Use the function `django.utils.translation.gettext_noop()` to mark a string as a translation string without translating it. The string is later translated from a variable.

Use this if you have constant strings that should be stored in the source language because they are exchanged over systems or users -- such as strings in a database -- but should be translated at the last possible point in time, such as when the string is presented to the user.

### Pluralization

Use the function `django.utils.translation.ngettext()` to specify pluralized messages.

`ngettext()` takes three arguments: the singular translation string, the plural translation string and the number of objects.

This function is useful when you need your Django application to be localizable to languages where the number and complexity of plural forms is greater than the two forms used in English ('object' for the singular and 'objects' for all the cases where `count` is different from one, irrespective of its value.)

Sebagai contoh:

    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from django.utils.translation import ngettext

    def hello_world(request, count):
        page = ngettext(
            'there is %(count)d object',
            'there are %(count)d objects',
        count) % {
            'count': count,
        }
        return HttpResponse(page)

In this example the number of objects is passed to the translation languages as the `count` variable.

Note that pluralization is complicated and works differently in each language. Comparing `count` to 1 isn't always the correct rule. This code looks sophisticated, but will produce incorrect results for some languages:

    from django.utils.translation import ngettext
    from myapp.models import Report

    count = Report.objects.count()
    if count == 1:
        name = Report._meta.verbose_name
    else:
        name = Report._meta.verbose_name_plural

    text = ngettext(
        'There is %(count)d %(name)s available.',
        'There are %(count)d %(name)s available.',
        count
    ) % {
        'count': count,
        'name': name
    }

Don't try to implement your own singular-or-plural logic, it won't be correct. In a case like this, consider something like the following:

    text = ngettext(
        'There is %(count)d %(name)s object available.',
        'There are %(count)d %(name)s objects available.',
        count
    ) % {
        'count': count,
        'name': Report._meta.verbose_name,
    }

Catatan

When using `ngettext()`, make sure you use a single name for every extrapolated variable included in the literal. In the examples above, note how we used the `name` Python variable in both translation strings. This example, besides being incorrect in some languages as noted above, would fail:

    text = ngettext(
        'There is %(count)d %(name)s available.',
        'There are %(count)d %(plural_name)s available.',
        count
    ) % {
        'count': Report.objects.count(),
        'name': Report._meta.verbose_name,
        'plural_name': Report._meta.verbose_name_plural
    }

Anda akan mendapatkan sebuah kesalahan ketika menjalankan `django-admin compilemessages 1`:

    a format specification for argument 'name', as in 'msgstr[0]', doesn't exist in 'msgid'

Catatan

Plural form and po files

Django does not support custom plural equations in po files. As all translation catalogs are merged, only the plural form for the main Django po file (in `django/conf/locale/<lang_code>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po`) is considered. Plural forms in all other po files are ignored. Therefore, you should not use different plural equations in your project or application po files.

### Contextual markers

Sometimes words have several meanings, such as `"May"` in English, which refers to a month name and to a verb. To enable translators to translate these words correctly in different contexts, you can use the `django.utils.translation.pgettext()` function, or the `django.utils.translation.npgettext()` function if the string needs pluralization. Both take a context string as the first variable.

In the resulting `.po` file, the string will then appear as often as there are different contextual markers for the same string (the context will appear on the `msgctxt` line), allowing the translator to give a different translation for each of them.

Sebagai contoh:

    from django.utils.translation import pgettext

    month = pgettext("month name", "May")

atau:

    from django.db import models
    from django.utils.translation import pgettext_lazy

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(help_text=pgettext_lazy(
            'help text for MyThing model', 'This is the help text'))

akan muncul di berkas `.po` sebagai:

    msgctxt "month name"
    msgid "May"
    msgstr ""

Contextual markers are also supported by the `trans` and `blocktrans` template tags.

### Terjemahan lazy

Use the lazy versions of translation functions in `django.utils.translation` (easily recognizable by the `lazy` suffix in their names) to translate strings lazily -- when the value is accessed rather than when they're called.

These functions store a lazy reference to the string -- not the actual translation. The translation itself will be done when the string is used in a string context, such as in template rendering.

This is essential when calls to these functions are located in code paths that are executed at module load time.

This is something that can easily happen when defining models, forms and model forms, because Django implements these such that their fields are actually class-level attributes. For that reason, make sure to use lazy translations in the following cases:

#### Model fields and relationships `verbose_name` and `help_text` option values

For example, to translate the help text of the name field in the following model, do the following:

    from django.db import models
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(help_text=_('This is the help text'))

You can mark names of `ForeignKey`, `ManyToManyField` or `OneToOneField` relationship as translatable by using their `verbose_name` options:

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        kind = models.ForeignKey(
            ThingKind,
            on_delete=models.CASCADE,
            related_name='kinds',
            verbose_name=_('kind'),
        )

Just like you would do in `verbose_name` you should provide a lowercase verbose name text for the relation as Django will automatically titlecase it when required.

#### Model verbose names values

It is recommended to always provide explicit `verbose_name` and `verbose_name_plural` options rather than relying on the fallback English-centric and somewhat naïve determination of verbose names Django performs by looking at the model's class name:

    from django.db import models
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(_('name'), help_text=_('This is the help text'))

        class Meta:
            verbose_name = _('my thing')
            verbose_name_plural = _('my things')

#### Model methods `short_description` attribute values

For model methods, you can provide translations to Django and the admin site with the `short_description` attribute:

    from django.db import models
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        kind = models.ForeignKey(
            ThingKind,
            on_delete=models.CASCADE,
            related_name='kinds',
            verbose_name=_('kind'),
        )

        def is_mouse(self):
            return self.kind.type == MOUSE_TYPE
        is_mouse.short_description = _('Is it a mouse?')

### Working with lazy translation objects

The result of a `gettext_lazy()` call can be used wherever you would use a string (a `str` object) in other Django code, but it may not work with arbitrary Python code. For example, the following won't work because the requests library doesn't handle `gettext_lazy` objects:

    body = gettext_lazy("I \u2764 Django")  # (unicode :heart:)
    requests.post('https://example.com/send', data={'body': body})

You can avoid such problems by casting `gettext_lazy()` objects to text strings before passing them to non-Django code:

    requests.post('https://example.com/send', data={'body': str(body)})

If you don't like the long `gettext_lazy` name, you can just alias it as `_` (underscore), like so:

    from django.db import models
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(help_text=_('This is the help text'))

Using `gettext_lazy()` and `ngettext_lazy()` to mark strings in models and utility functions is a common operation. When you're working with these objects elsewhere in your code, you should ensure that you don't accidentally convert them to strings, because they should be converted as late as possible (so that the correct locale is in effect). This necessitates the use of the helper function described next.

#### Lazy translations and plural

When using lazy translation for a plural string (`[u]n[p]gettext_lazy`), you generally don't know the `number` argument at the time of the string definition. Therefore, you are authorized to pass a key name instead of an integer as the `number` argument. Then `number` will be looked up in the dictionary under that key during string interpolation. Here's example:

    from django import forms
    from django.utils.translation import ngettext_lazy

    class MyForm(forms.Form):
        error_message = ngettext_lazy("You only provided %(num)d argument",
            "You only provided %(num)d arguments", 'num')

        def clean(self):
            # ...
            if error:
                raise forms.ValidationError(self.error_message % {'num': number})

If the string contains exactly one unnamed placeholder, you can interpolate directly with the `number` argument:

    class MyForm(forms.Form):
        error_message = ngettext_lazy(
            "You provided %d argument",
            "You provided %d arguments",
        )

        def clean(self):
            # ...
            if error:
                raise forms.ValidationError(self.error_message % number)

#### Membentuk string: `format_lazy()`

Python's `str.format()` method will not work when either the `format_string` or any of the arguments to `str.format()` contains lazy translation objects. Instead, you can use `django.utils.text.format_lazy()`, which creates a lazy object that runs the `str.format()` method only when the result is included in a string. For example:

    from django.utils.text import format_lazy
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
    ...
    name = gettext_lazy('John Lennon')
    instrument = gettext_lazy('guitar')
    result = format_lazy('{name}: {instrument}', name=name, instrument=instrument)

In this case, the lazy translations in `result` will only be converted to strings when `result` itself is used in a string (usually at template rendering time).

#### Other uses of lazy in delayed translations

For any other case where you would like to delay the translation, but have to pass the translatable string as argument to another function, you can wrap this function inside a lazy call yourself. For example:

    from django.utils.functional import lazy
    from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    mark_safe_lazy = lazy(mark_safe, str)

Dan lalu kemudian:

    lazy_string = mark_safe_lazy(_("<p>My <strong>string!</strong></p>"))

### Localized names of languages

`get_language_info`()

Fungsi `get_language_info()` menyediakan informasi rinci tentang bahasa:

    >>> from django.utils.translation import activate, get_language_info
    >>> activate('fr')
    >>> li = get_language_info('de')
    >>> print(li['name'], li['name_local'], li['name_translated'], li['bidi'])
    German Deutsch Allemand False

The `name`, `name_local`, and `name_translated` attributes of the dictionary contain the name of the language in English, in the language itself, and in your current active language respectively. The `bidi` attribute is True only for bi-directional languages.

The source of the language information is the `django.conf.locale` module. Similar access to this information is available for template code. See below.

## Internationalization: in template code

Translations in Django templates uses two template tags and a slightly different syntax than in Python code. To give your template access to these tags, put `{% load i18n %}` toward the top of your template. As with all template tags, this tag needs to be loaded in all templates which use translations, even those templates that extend from other templates which have already loaded the `i18n` tag.

### Etiket cetakan `trans`

The `{% trans %}` template tag translates either a constant string (enclosed in single or double quotes) or variable content:

    <title>{% trans "This is the title." %}</title>
    <title>{% trans myvar %}</title>

If the `noop` option is present, variable lookup still takes place but the translation is skipped. This is useful when "stubbing out" content that will require translation in the future:

    <title>{% trans "myvar" noop %}</title>

Internally, inline translations use an `gettext()` call.

In case a template var (`myvar` above) is passed to the tag, the tag will first resolve such variable to a string at run-time and then look up that string in the message catalogs.

It's not possible to mix a template variable inside a string within `{% trans %}`. If your translations require strings with variables (placeholders), use `{% blocktrans %}` instead.

If you'd like to retrieve a translated string without displaying it, you can use the following syntax:

    {% trans "This is the title" as the_title %}

    <title>{{ the_title }}</title>
    <meta name="description" content="{{ the_title }}">

In practice you'll use this to get a string you can use in multiple places in a template or so you can use the output as an argument for other template tags or filters:

    {% trans "starting point" as start %}
    {% trans "end point" as end %}
    {% trans "La Grande Boucle" as race %}

    <h1>
      <a href="/" title="{% blocktrans %}Back to '{{ race }}' homepage{% endblocktrans %}">{{ race }}</a>
    </h1>
    <p>
    {% for stage in tour_stages %}
        {% cycle start end %}: {{ stage }}{% if forloop.counter|divisibleby:2 %}<br />{% else %}, {% endif %}
    {% endfor %}
    </p>

`{% trans %}` also supports contextual markers using the `context` keyword:

    {% trans "May" context "month name" %}

### Etiket cetakan `blocktrans`

Contrarily to the `trans` tag, the `blocktrans` tag allows you to mark complex sentences consisting of literals and variable content for translation by making use of placeholders:

    {% blocktrans %}This string will have {{ value }} inside.{% endblocktrans %}

To translate a template expression -- say, accessing object attributes or using template filters -- you need to bind the expression to a local variable for use within the translation block. Examples:

    {% blocktrans with amount=article.price %}
    That will cost $ {{ amount }}.
    {% endblocktrans %}

    {% blocktrans with myvar=value|filter %}
    This will have {{ myvar }} inside.
    {% endblocktrans %}

You can use multiple expressions inside a single `blocktrans` tag:

    {% blocktrans with book_t=book|title author_t=author|title %}
    This is {{ book_t }} by {{ author_t }}
    {% endblocktrans %}

Catatan

The previous more verbose format is still supported: `{% blocktrans with book|title as book_t and author|title as author_t %}`

Other block tags (for example `{% for %}` or `{% if %}`) are not allowed inside a `blocktrans` tag.

If resolving one of the block arguments fails, blocktrans will fall back to the default language by deactivating the currently active language temporarily with the `deactivate_all()` function.

This tag also provides for pluralization. To use it:

- Designate and bind a counter value with the name `count`. This value will be the one used to select the right plural form.
- Specify both the singular and plural forms separating them with the `{% plural %}` tag within the `{% blocktrans %}` and `{% endblocktrans %}` tags.

Sebuah contoh:

    {% blocktrans count counter=list|length %}
    There is only one {{ name }} object.
    {% plural %}
    There are {{ counter }} {{ name }} objects.
    {% endblocktrans %}

A more complex example:

    {% blocktrans with amount=article.price count years=i.length %}
    That will cost $ {{ amount }} per year.
    {% plural %}
    That will cost $ {{ amount }} per {{ years }} years.
    {% endblocktrans %}

When you use both the pluralization feature and bind values to local variables in addition to the counter value, keep in mind that the `blocktrans` construct is internally converted to an `ngettext` call. This means the same notes regarding ngettext variables apply.

Reverse URL lookups cannot be carried out within the `blocktrans` and should be retrieved (and stored) beforehand:

    {% url 'path.to.view' arg arg2 as the_url %}
    {% blocktrans %}
    This is a URL: {{ the_url }}
    {% endblocktrans %}

If you'd like to retrieve a translated string without displaying it, you can use the following syntax:

    {% blocktrans asvar the_title %}The title is {{ title }}.{% endblocktrans %}
    <title>{{ the_title }}</title>
    <meta name="description" content="{{ the_title }}">

In practice you'll use this to get a string you can use in multiple places in a template or so you can use the output as an argument for other template tags or filters.

`{% blocktrans %}` also supports contextual markers using the `context` keyword:

    {% blocktrans with name=user.username context "greeting" %}Hi {{ name }}{% endblocktrans %}

Dukungan `{% blocktrans %}` fitur lain adalah pilihan `trimmed`. Pilihan ini akan memindahkan karakter baris baru dari awal dan akhir dari isi dari etiket `{% blocktrans %}`, ganti setiap ruang kosong pada awal dan akhir dari sebuah baris dan menggabungkan semua baris kedalam satu menggunakan karakter ruang kosong untuk memisahkan mereka. Ini sangat berguna untuk melekukkan isi dari etiket `{% blocktrans %}` tanpa memiliki karakter lekukan terakhir di masukan yang sesuai di berkas PO, yang membuat pengolahan terjemahan lebih mudah.

Untuk contoh, etiket `{% blocktrans %}` berikut:

    {% blocktrans trimmed %}
      First sentence.
      Second paragraph.
    {% endblocktrans %}

will result in the entry `"First sentence. Second paragraph."` in the PO file, compared to `"\n First sentence.\n Second sentence.\n"`, if the `trimmed` option had not been specified.

### String literals passed to tags and filters

You can translate string literals passed as arguments to tags and filters by using the familiar `_()` syntax:

    {% some_tag _("Page not found") value|yesno:_("yes,no") %}

In this case, both the tag and the filter will see the translated string, so they don't need to be aware of translations.

Catatan

In this example, the translation infrastructure will be passed the string `"yes,no"`, not the individual strings `"yes"` and `"no"`. The translated string will need to contain the comma so that the filter parsing code knows how to split up the arguments. For example, a German translator might translate the string `"yes,no"` as `"ja,nein"` (keeping the comma intact).

### Komentar untuk penterjemah dalam cetakan

Just like with Python code, these notes for translators can be specified using comments, either with the `comment` tag:

    {% comment %}Translators: View verb{% endcomment %}
    {% trans "View" %}

    {% comment %}Translators: Short intro blurb{% endcomment %}
    <p>{% blocktrans %}A multiline translatable
    literal.{% endblocktrans %}</p>

or with the `{#` ... `#}` one-line comment constructs:

    {# Translators: Label of a button that triggers search #}
    <button type="submit">{% trans "Go" %}</button>

    {# Translators: This is a text of the base template #}
    {% blocktrans %}Ambiguous translatable block of text{% endblocktrans %}

Catatan

Hanya untuk kelengkapan, ini semua adalah fragmen sesuai dari menghasikan berkas `.po`:

    #. Translators: View verb
    # path/to/template/file.html:10
    msgid "View"
    msgstr ""

    #. Translators: Short intro blurb
    # path/to/template/file.html:13
    msgid ""
    "A multiline translatable"
    "literal."
    msgstr ""

    # ...

    #. Translators: Label of a button that triggers search
    # path/to/template/file.html:100
    msgid "Go"
    msgstr ""

    #. Translators: This is a text of the base template
    # path/to/template/file.html:103
    msgid "Ambiguous translatable block of text"
    msgstr ""

### Mengganti bahasa dalam cetakan

Jika anda ingin memilih sebuah bahasa dalam sebuah cetakan, anda dapat menggunakan etiket cetakan `language`:

    {% load i18n %}

    {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}
    <!-- Current language: {{ LANGUAGE_CODE }} -->
    <p>{% trans "Welcome to our page" %}</p>

    {% language 'en' %}
        {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}
        <!-- Current language: {{ LANGUAGE_CODE }} -->
        <p>{% trans "Welcome to our page" %}</p>
    {% endlanguage %}

While the first occurrence of "Welcome to our page" uses the current language, the second will always be in English.

### Etiket lain

Etiket ini juga membutuhkan sebuah `{% memuat i18n %}`.

#### `get_available_languages`

`{% get_available_languages as LANGUAGES %}` returns a list of tuples in which the first element is the language code and the second is the language name (translated into the currently active locale).

#### `get_current_language`

`{% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}` returns the current user's preferred language as a string. Example: `en-us`. See Bagaimana Django menemukan pilihan bahasa.

#### `get_current_language_bidi`

`{% get_current_language_bidi as LANGUAGE_BIDI %}` returns the current locale's direction. If `True`, it's a right-to-left language, e.g. Hebrew, Arabic. If `False` it's a left-to-right language, e.g. English, French, German, etc.

If you enable the `django.template.context_processors.i18n` context processor then each `RequestContext` will have access to `LANGUAGES`, `LANGUAGE_CODE`, and `LANGUAGE_BIDI` as defined above.

#### `get_language_info`

You can also retrieve information about any of the available languages using provided template tags and filters. To get information about a single language, use the `{% get_language_info %}` tag:

    {% get_language_info for LANGUAGE_CODE as lang %}
    {% get_language_info for "pl" as lang %}

Anda dapat kemudian mengakses informasi:

    Language code: {{ lang.code }}<br />
    Name of language: {{ lang.name_local }}<br />
    Name in English: {{ lang.name }}<br />
    Bi-directional: {{ lang.bidi }}
    Name in the active language: {{ lang.name_translated }}

#### `get_language_info_list`

You can also use the `{% get_language_info_list %}` template tag to retrieve information for a list of languages (e.g. active languages as specified in `LANGUAGES`). See the section about the set_language redirect view for an example of how to display a language selector using `{% get_language_info_list %}`.

Dalam tambahan pada daftar gaya `LANGUAGES` dari tuple, `{% get_language_info_list %}` mendukung daftar sederhana dari kode bahasa. Jika anda melakukan ini dalam tampilan anda:

    context = {'available_languages': ['en', 'es', 'fr']}
    return render(request, 'mytemplate.html', context)

anda dapat mengulangi terhadap bahasa-bahasa tersebut dalam cetakan:

    {% get_language_info_list for available_languages as langs %}
    {% for lang in langs %} ... {% endfor %}

#### Filter templat

There are also simple filters available for convenience:

- `{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name }}` ("German")
- `{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name_local }}` ("Deutsch")
- `{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_bidi }}` (False)
- `{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name_translated }}` ("německy", ketika bahasa aktif adalah Ceko)

## Internasionalisasi: dalam kode JavaScript

Menambahkan terjemahan ke JavaScript menimbulkan beberapa masalah:

- Kode JavaScript tidak mempunyai akses ke penerapan `gettext`.
- Kode JavaScript tidak mempunyai akses ke berkas `.po` or `.mo`; mereka butuh untuk dikirimkan oleh peladen.
- Katalog terjemahan untuk JavaScript harus disimpan sekecil mungkin.

Django provides an integrated solution for these problems: It passes the translations into JavaScript, so you can call `gettext`, etc., from within JavaScript.

The main solution to these problems is the following `JavaScriptCatalog` view, which generates a JavaScript code library with functions that mimic the `gettext` interface, plus an array of translation strings.

### Tampilan `JavaScriptCatalog`

class `JavaScriptCatalog`

  A view that produces a JavaScript code library with functions that mimic the `gettext` interface, plus an array of translation strings.

  Attributes

  `domain`

    Translation domain containing strings to add in the view output. Defaults to `'djangojs'`.

  `packages`

    A list of `application names` among installed applications. Those apps should contain a `locale` directory. All those catalogs plus all catalogs found in `LOCALE_PATHS` (which are always included) are merged into one catalog. Defaults to `None`, which means that all available translations from all `INSTALLED_APPS` are provided in the JavaScript output.

  Example with default values:

      from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog

      urlpatterns = [
          path('jsi18n/', JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(), name='javascript-catalog'),
      ]

  Example with custom packages:

      urlpatterns = [
          path('jsi18n/myapp/',
               JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['your.app.label']),
               name='javascript-catalog'),
      ]

  If your root URLconf uses `i18n_patterns()`, `JavaScriptCatalog` must also be wrapped by `i18n_patterns()` for the catalog to be correctly generated.

  Example with `i18n_patterns()`:

      from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns

      urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
          path('jsi18n/', JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(), name='javascript-catalog'),
      )

The precedence of translations is such that the packages appearing later in the `packages` argument have higher precedence than the ones appearing at the beginning. This is important in the case of clashing translations for the same literal.

If you use more than one `JavaScriptCatalog` view on a site and some of them define the same strings, the strings in the catalog that was loaded last take precedence.

### Menggunakan katalog terjemahan JavaScript

Untuk menggunakan katalog, cukup tarik di tulisan dibangkitkan dinamis seperti ini:

    <script type="text/javascript" src="{% url 'javascript-catalog' %}"></script>

This uses reverse URL lookup to find the URL of the JavaScript catalog view. When the catalog is loaded, your JavaScript code can use the following methods:

- `gettext`
- `ngettext`
- `interpolate`
- `get_format`
- `gettext_noop`
- `pgettext`
- `npgettext`
- `pluralidx`

#### `gettext`

The `gettext` function behaves similarly to the standard `gettext` interface within your Python code:

    document.write(gettext('this is to be translated'));

#### `ngettext`

The `ngettext` function provides an interface to pluralize words and phrases:

    var object_count = 1 // or 0, or 2, or 3, ...
    s = ngettext('literal for the singular case',
            'literal for the plural case', object_count);

#### `interpolate`

The `interpolate` function supports dynamically populating a format string. The interpolation syntax is borrowed from Python, so the `interpolate` function supports both positional and named interpolation:

- Penempatan penambahan: `obj` mengandung obyek Senarai JavaScript yang unsur-unsurnya kemudian berurutan ditambahkan dalam palceholder `fmt` mereka yang sesuai dalam urutan sama mereka muncul. Sebagai contoh:

      fmts = ngettext('There is %s object. Remaining: %s',
              'There are %s objects. Remaining: %s', 11);
      s = interpolate(fmts, [11, 20]);
      // s is 'There are 11 objects. Remaining: 20'

- Named interpolation: This mode is selected by passing the optional boolean `named` parameter as `true`. `obj` contains a JavaScript object or associative array. For example:

      d = {
          count: 10,
          total: 50
      };

      fmts = ngettext('Total: %(total)s, there is %(count)s object',
      'there are %(count)s of a total of %(total)s objects', d.count);
      s = interpolate(fmts, d, true);

You shouldn't go over the top with string interpolation, though: this is still JavaScript, so the code has to make repeated regular-expression substitutions. This isn't as fast as string interpolation in Python, so keep it to those cases where you really need it (for example, in conjunction with `ngettext` to produce proper pluralizations).

#### `get_format`

Fungsi `get_format` mempunyai akses ke pengaturan pembentukan i18n terkonfigurasi dan dapat mengambil bentuk string untuk nama pengaturan yang diberikan:

    document.write(get_format('DATE_FORMAT'));
    // 'N j, Y'

Itu mempunyai akses pada pengaturan berikut:

- `DATE_FORMAT`
- `DATE_INPUT_FORMATS`
- `DATETIME_FORMAT`
- `DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS`
- `DECIMAL_SEPARATOR`
- `FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK`
- `MONTH_DAY_FORMAT`
- `NUMBER_GROUPING`
- `SHORT_DATE_FORMAT`
- `SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT`
- `THOUSAND_SEPARATOR`
- `TIME_FORMAT`
- `TIME_INPUT_FORMATS`
- `YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT`

Ini berguna untuk merawat ketetapan pembentukan dengan nilai-nilai dibangun-Python.

#### `gettext_noop`

Ini menandingin fungsi `gettext` tetapi tidak melakukan apapun, mengembalikan apapun dilewatkan ke itu:

    document.write(gettext_noop('this will not be translated'));

Ini adalah berguna untuk memberhentikan bagian-bagian dari kode akan butuh diterjemahkan di masa akan datang.

#### `pgettext`

Fungsi `pgettext` berperilaku seperti ragam Python (`pgettext()`), menyediakan kata terjemahan kontekstual:

    document.write(pgettext('month name', 'May'));

#### `npgettext`

Fungsi `npgettext` juga berperilaku seperti ragam Python (`npgettext()`), menyediakan menjamakkan kata terjemahan kontekstual:

    document.write(npgettext('group', 'party', 1));
    // party
    document.write(npgettext('group', 'party', 2));
    // parties

#### `pluralidx`

Fungsi `pluralidx` bekerja dalam cara sama pada penyaring cetakan `pluralize`, menentukan jika `count` diberikan harus menggunakan bentuk jamak dari sebuah kata atau tidak:

    document.write(pluralidx(0));
    // true
    document.write(pluralidx(1));
    // false
    document.write(pluralidx(2));
    // true

Dalam kasis paling sederhana, jika tidak ada penyesuaian penjamakan dibutuhkan, ini mengembalikan `false` untuk integer `1` dan `true` untuk semua angka-angka lain.

Bagaimanapun, penjamakan tidak sesederhana ini dalam semua bahasa. Jika bahasa tidak mendukung penjamakan, sebuah nilai kosong disediakan.

Tambahannya, jika ada aturan-aturan rumit sekitar penjamakan, tampilan katalog akan membangun sebuah penyataan bersyarat. Ini akan menilai salah satu nilai `True` (harus jamak) atau `false` (harus tidak jamak).

### Tampilan `JSONCatalog`

class `JSONCatalog`

  Untuk menggunakan pustaka sisi-klien lain untuk menangani terjemahan, anda mungkin ingin mengambil keuntungan dari tampilan `JSONCatalog`. Itu mirip pada `JavaScriptCatalog` tetapi mengembalikan sebuah tanggapan JSON.

  Lihat dokumentasi untuk `JavaScriptCatalog` untuk belajar tentang kemungkinan nilai-nilai dan penggunaan dari atribut-atribut `domain` dan `packages`.

  Bentuk tanggapan sebagai berikut:

      {
          "catalog": {
              # Translations catalog
          },
          "formats": {
              # Language formats for date, time, etc.
          },
          "plural": "..."  # Expression for plural forms, or null.
      }

### Catatan pada penampilan

Tampilan beragam i18n JavaScript/JSON membangkitkan katalog dari berkas-berkas `.mo` pada setiap permintaan. Sejak itu mengeluarkan sebuah ketetapan, setidaknya untuk versi diberikan dari sebuah situs, itu adalah calon bagus untuk caching.

Caching sisi-peladen akan mengurangi beban CPU. Itu sangat mudah diterapkan dengan penghias `cache_page()`. Untuk memicu ketidakabsahan cache ketika terjemahan anda berubah, sediakan awalan kunci versi-berdiri-sendiri, seperti ditunjukkan dalam contoh dibawah atau tampilan peta pada URL versi-berdiri-sendiri:

    from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
    from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog

    # The value returned by get_version() must change when translations change.
    urlpatterns = [
        path('jsi18n/',
             cache_page(86400, key_prefix='js18n-%s' % get_version())(JavaScriptCatalog.as_view()),
             name='javascript-catalog'),
    ]

Caching sisi-klien akan menyimpan lebar pita dan membuat situs anda dimuat lebih cepat. Jika anda sedang menggunakan ETag (`ConditionalGetMiddleware`), anda siap dicakupi. Sebaliknya, anda dapat memberlakukan conditional decorators 1. Dalam contoh berikut, cache tidak berlaku ketika anda memulai kembali peladen aplikasi anda:

    from django.utils import timezone
    from django.views.decorators.http import last_modified
    from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog

    last_modified_date = timezone.now()

    urlpatterns = [
        path('jsi18n/',
             last_modified(lambda req, **kw: last_modified_date)(JavaScriptCatalog.as_view()),
             name='javascript-catalog'),
    ]

Anda dapat bahkan pra-membangkitkan katalog JavaScript sebagai bagian dari prosedur pegembangan anda dan melayani itu sebagai berkas tetap. Teknik radikal ini adalah diterapkan dalam django-statici18n.

## Internasionalisasi: dalam pola URL

Django menyediakan dua mekanisme pada pola URL internasionalisasi:

- Menambahkan awalan bahasa pada akar dari pola URL untuk membuat itu memungkinkan untuk `LocaleMiddleware` untuk mengenali bahasa untuk diaktifkan dari URL diminta.
- Membuat pola URL mereka sendiri dapat diterjemahkan melalui fungsi `django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy()`.

Peringatan

Menggunakan salah satu dari fitur-fitur ini membutuhkan itu sebuah bahasa aktif untuk disetel untuk setiap permintaan; dengan kata lain, anda butuh harus `django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware` dalam pengaturan `MIDDLEWARE` setting anda.

### Awalan bahasa dalam pola URL

`i18n_patterns`(*urls, prefix_default_language=True)

Fungsi ini dapat digunakan dalam URLconf akar dan Django akan otomatis menambahkan kode bahasa aktif saat ini pada semua pola URL ditentukan dalam `i18n_patterns()`.

Mengatur `prefix_default_language` menjadi `False` memindahkan awalan dari bahasa awalan (`LANGUAGE_CODE`). Ini dapat berguna ketika menambahkan terjemahan pada situs yang ada sehingga URL saat ini tidak akan berubah.

Contoh pola URL:

    from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns
    from django.urls import include, url

    from about import views as about_views
    from news import views as news_views
    from sitemap.views import sitemap

    urlpatterns = [
        path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, name='sitemap-xml'),
    ]

    news_patterns = ([
        path('', news_views.index, name='index'),
        path('category/<slug:slug>/', news_views.category, name='category'),
        path('<slug:slug>/', news_views.details, name='detail'),
    ], 'news')

    urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(
        path('about/', about_views.main, name='about'),
        path('news/', include(news_patterns, namespace='news')),
    )

Setelah menentukan pola URL ini, Django akan otomatis menambahkan awalan bahasa ke pola URL yang telah ditambahkan oleh fungsi `i18n_patterns`. Contoh:

    >>> from django.urls import reverse
    >>> from django.utils.translation import activate

    >>> activate('en')
    >>> reverse('sitemap-xml')
    '/sitemap.xml'
    >>> reverse('news:index')
    '/en/news/'

    >>> activate('nl')
    >>> reverse('news:detail', kwargs={'slug': 'news-slug'})
    '/nl/news/news-slug/'

Dengan `prefix_default_language=False` dan `LANGUAGE_CODE='en'`, URL akan menjadi:

    >>> activate('en')
    >>> reverse('news:index')
    '/news/'

    >>> activate('nl')
    >>> reverse('news:index')
    '/nl/news/'

Peringatan

`i18n_patterns()` hanya diizinkan dalam akar URLconf. Menggunakan itu dalam sebuah URLconf disertakan akan melempar pengecualian `ImproperlyConfigured`.

Peringatan

Memastikan bahwa anda tidak mempunyai pola URL bukan-awalan yang mungkin bertabrakan dengan awalan bahasa otomatis-ditambahkan.

### Menterjemahkan pola URL

Pola URL dapat juga ditandai dapat diterjemahkan menggunakan fungsi `gettext_lazy()`. Contoh:

    from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns
    from django.urls import include, path
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    from about import views as about_views
    from news import views as news_views
    from sitemaps.views import sitemap

    urlpatterns = [
        path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, name='sitemap-xml'),
    ]

    news_patterns = ([
        path('', news_views.index, name='index'),
        path(_('category/<slug:slug>/'), news_views.category, name='category'),
        path('<slug:slug>/', news_views.details, name='detail'),
    ], 'news')

    urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(
        path(_('about/'), about_views.main, name='about'),
        path(_('news/'), include(news_patterns, namespace='news')),
    )

Setelah anda telah membuat terjemahan, fungsi `reverse()` akan mengembalikan URL dalam bahasa aktif. Contoh:

    >>> from django.urls import reverse
    >>> from django.utils.translation import activate

    >>> activate('en')
    >>> reverse('news:category', kwargs={'slug': 'recent'})
    '/en/news/category/recent/'

    >>> activate('nl')
    >>> reverse('news:category', kwargs={'slug': 'recent'})
    '/nl/nieuws/categorie/recent/'

Peringatan

Dalam kebanyakan kasus, itu adalah terbaik menggunakan hanya URL terjemahan dalam blok awalan-kode-bahasa dari pola (menggunakan `i18n_patterns()`), untuk menghindari kemungkinan bahwa sembarangan URL terjemahan menyebabkan tabrakan dengan pola URL bukan-terjemahan.

### Membalikkan dalam cetakan-cetakan

Jika URL lokal mendapatkan terbalik dalam cetakan mereka selalu menggunakan bahasa saat ini. Untuk menautkan ke sebuah URL dalam bahasa lain gunakan etiket cetakan `language`. Itu mengadakan bahasa yang diberikan dalam bagian cetakan tertutup:

    {% load i18n %}

    {% get_available_languages as languages %}

    {% trans "View this category in:" %}
    {% for lang_code, lang_name in languages %}
        {% language lang_code %}
        <a href="{% url 'category' slug=category.slug %}">{{ lang_name }}</a>
        {% endlanguage %}
    {% endfor %}

Etiket `language` mengharapkan kode bahasa sebagai hanya argumen.

## Lokalisasi: bagaimana membuat berkas-berkas bahasa

Setelah harfiah string dari sebuah aplikasi telah dietiketkan untuk terjemahan akhir, terjemahan itu sendiri butuh ditulis (atau diambil). Ini adalah bagaimana itu bekerja.

### Berkas pesan

langkah pertama adalah membuat sebuah message file untuk bahasa baru. Sebuah berkas pesan adalah sebuah berkas teks-polos, mewakili bahasa tunggal, yang mengandung semua string terjemahan tersedia dan bagaimana mereka harus dibawakan dalam bahasa diberikan. Berkas-berkas pesan mempunyai ekstensi berkas `.po`.

Django datang dengan sebuah alat, `django-admin makemessages 1`, yang mengotomatiskan pembuatan dan perawatan dari berkas-berkas ini.

Utilitas gettext

Perintah `makemessages` (dan `compilemessages` diobrolkan kemudian) menggunakan perintah dari kumpulan alat gettext GNU: `xgettext`, `msgfmt`, `msgmerge` dan `msguniq`.

Versi minimal dari utilitas `gettext` didukung adalah 0.15.

Untuk membuat atau memperbaharui sebuah berkas pesan, jalankan perintah ini:

    django-admin makemessages -l de

...dimana `de` adalah locale name untuk berkas pesan anda ingin buat. Sebagai contoh, `pt_BR` untuk Brasil Portugis, `de_AT` untuk Austria Jerman atau `id` untuk Indonesia.

Tulisan ini harus berjalan dari satu atau dua tempat:

- Direktori akar untuk proyek Django anda (satu yang mengandung `manage.py`).
- Direktori akar dari satu dari aplikasi Django anda.

Tulisan berjalan terhadap pohon sumber proyek anda atau pohon sumber aplikasi anda dan menarik semua string ditandai untuk terjemahan (lihat Bagaimana Django menemukan terjemahan dan pastikan `LOCALE_PATHS` dikonfigurasi dengan benar). Itu membuat (atau memperbaharui) sebuah berkas pesan dalam direktori `locale/LANG/LC_MESSAGES`. Dalam contoh `de`, berkas akan berupa `locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po`.

Ketika anda menjalankan `makemessages` dari direktori akar dari proyek anda, string dikeluarkan akan secara otomatis disebarkan pada berkas-berkas pesan yang sesuai. Yaitu, string dikeluarkan dari sebuah berkas dari sebuah aplikasi mengandung direktori `locale` akan masuk dalam berkas pesan dibawah direktori itu. Sebuah string dikeluarkan dari sebuah berkas dari sebuah aplikasi tanpa direktori `locale` akan salah satu masuk dalam berkas pesan dibawah direktori didaftar pertama dalam `LOCALE_PATHS` atau akan membangkitkan sebuah kesalahan jika `LOCALE_PATHS` adalah kosong.

Secara awalan `django-admin makemessages 1` menguji setiap berkas yang mempunyai ekstensi berkas `.html`, `.txt` atau `.py`. Jika anda ingin menimpa awalan itu, gunakan pilihan `--extension 2` atau `-e` untuk menentukan ekstensi berkas untuk diuji:

    django-admin makemessages -l de -e txt

Mmeisahkan banyak ekstensi dengan koma dan/atau menggunakan `-e` atau `--extension` berkali-kali:

    django-admin makemessages -l de -e html,txt -e xml

Peringatan

Ketika creating message files from JavaScript source code 1 anda butuh menggunakan ranah 'djangojs' khusus, bukan `-e js`.

Menggunakan cetakan Jinja2?

`makemessages` tidak memahami sintaksis dari cetakan-cetakan Jinja2. Untuk mengeluarkan string dari sebuah proyek mengandung cetakan-cetakan Jinja2, gunakan Message Extracting dari Babel sebagai gantinya.

Ini adalah contoh berkas konfigurasi `babel.cfg`:

    # Extraction from Python source files
    [python: **.py]

    # Extraction from Jinja2 templates
    [jinja2: **.jinja]
    extensions = jinja2.ext.with_

Pastikan anda mendaftarkan semua ekstensi anda sedang gunakan! Sebaliknya Babel tidak akan mengenali etiket-etiket ditentukan oleh ekstensi-ekstensi ini dan akan mengabaikan cetakan-cetakan Jinja2 mengandung mereka sepenuhnya.

Babel menyediakan fitur-fitur mirip pada `makemessages`, dapat mengganti itu secara umum, dan tidak bergantung pada `gettext`. Untuk informasi lebih, baca dokumentasinya tentang working with message catalogs.

Tidak ada gettext?

Jika anda tidak mempunyai utilitas `gettext` terpasang, `makemessages` akan membuat berkas-berkas kosong. Jika itu adalah kasus, salah satu pasang utilitas `gettext` atau cukup salin berkas pesan Inggris (`locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po`) jika tersedia dan menggunakan itu sebagai titik permulaan; itu hanya sebuah berkas terjemahan kosong.

Bekerja pada WIndows?

Jika anda sedang menggunakan Windows dan butuh memasang utilitas gettext GNU sehingga `makemessages` bekerja, lihat gettext pada Windows untuk informasi lebih.

The format of `.po` files is straightforward. Each `.po` file contains a small bit of metadata, such as the translation maintainer's contact information, but the bulk of the file is a list of messages -- simple mappings between translation strings and the actual translated text for the particular language.

Sebagai contoh, jika aplikasi Django anda mengandung string terjemahan untuk teks `"Welcome to my site."`, seperti itu:

    _("Welcome to my site.")

...kemudian `django-admin makemessages 1` akan membuat sebuah berkas `.po` mengandung potongan berikut -- sebuah pesan:

    #: path/to/python/module.py:23
    msgid "Welcome to my site."
    msgstr ""

Penjelasan cepat:

- `msgid` adalah string terjemahan, yang muncul dalam sumber. Jangan rubah itu.
- `msgstr` adalah dimana anda menaruh terjemahan bahasa-khusus. Itu mulai kosong, jadi itu adalah tanggungjawab anda merubah itu. pastikan anda menjaga kutipan disekitar terjemahan anda.
- Sebagai sebuah kenyamanan, setiap pesan termasuk, dalam bentuk dari baris komentar diawali dengan `#` dan bertempat diatas baris `msgid`, nama berkas dan nomor baris dari mana string terjemahan telah dikumpulkan sedikit demi sedikit.

Pesan-pesan panjang adalah kasus khusus. Ada, string pertama secara langsung setelah `msgstr` (atau `msgid`) adalah string kosong. Kemudian isi itu sendiri akan ditulis terhadap sedikit baris selanjutnya sebagai satu string per baris. String-string tersebut secara langsung disatukan. Jangan lupa buntutan ruang kosong dalam string; jika tidak, mereka akan dilekatkan bersama-sama tanpa ruang kosong!

Pikirkan charset anda

Due to the way the `gettext` tools work internally and because we want to allow non-ASCII source strings in Django's core and your applications, you must use UTF-8 as the encoding for your PO files (the default when PO files are created). This means that everybody will be using the same encoding, which is important when Django processes the PO files.

Untuk menguji kembali semua kode sumber da cetakan untuk string terjemahan baru dan memperbaharui semua berkas pesan untuk semua bahasa, jalankan ini:

    django-admin makemessages -a

### Menyusun berkas-berkas pesan

Setelah anda membuat berkas pesan anda -- dan setiap kali anda membuat perubahan ke itu -- anda akan butuh menyusun itu menjadi bentuk lebih efesien, untuk digunakan oleh `gettext`. Lakukan ini dengan alat `django-admin compilemessages 1`.

Alat ini berjalan terhadap semua berkas `.po` tersedia dan membuat berkas `.mo`, yang adalah berkas biner dioptimalkan untu digunakan oleh `gettext`. Dalam direktori sama dari mana anda menjalankan `django-admin makemessages 1`, jalankan `django-admin compilemessages 2` seperti ini:

    django-admin compilemessages

Itu dia, terjemahan anda siap digunakan.

Bekerja pada WIndows?

Jika anda sedang menggunakan Windows dan butuh memasang alat gettext GNU sehingga `django-admin compilemessages 1` bekerja lihat gettext pada Windows untuk informasi lebih.

berkas-berkas .po: Penggunaan penyandian dan BOM.

Django only supports `.po` files encoded in UTF-8 and without any BOM (Byte Order Mark) so if your text editor adds such marks to the beginning of files by default then you will need to reconfigure it.

### Pemecahan masalah: `gettext()` tidak benar mengenali `python-format` dalam string-string dengan tanda persen

In some cases, such as strings with a percent sign followed by a space and a string conversion type (e.g. `_("10% interest")`), `gettext()` incorrectly flags strings with `python-format`.

If you try to compile message files with incorrectly flagged strings, you'll get an error message like `number of format specifications in 'msgid' and 'msgstr' does not match` or `'msgstr' is not a valid Python format string, unlike 'msgid'`.

Untuk memecahkan ini, anda dapat meloloskan tanda persen dengan menambahkan tanda persen kedua:

    from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
    output = _("10%% interest")

Atau anda dapat menggunakan `no-python-format` sehingga semua tanda persen diperlakukan sebagai harfiah.

    # xgettext:no-python-format
    output = _("10% interest")

### Membuat berkas pesan dari kode sumber JavaScript

You create and update the message files the same way as the other Django message files -- with the `django-admin makemessages` tool. The only difference is you need to explicitly specify what in gettext parlance is known as a domain in this case the `djangojs` domain, by providing a `-d djangojs` parameter, like this:

    django-admin makemessages -d djangojs -l de

This would create or update the message file for JavaScript for German. After updating message files, just run `django-admin compilemessages` the same way as you do with normal Django message files.

### `gettext` pada Windows

This is only needed for people who either want to extract message IDs or compile message files (`.po`). Translation work itself just involves editing existing files of this type, but if you want to create your own message files, or want to test or compile a changed message file, download a precompiled binary installer.

You may also use `gettext` binaries you have obtained elsewhere, so long as the `xgettext --version` command works properly. Do not attempt to use Django translation utilities with a `gettext` package if the command `xgettext --version` entered at a Windows command prompt causes a popup window saying "xgettext.exe has generated errors and will be closed by Windows".

### Menyesuaikan perintah `makemessages`

Jika anda ingin melewatkan parameter tambahan pada `xgettext`, anda butuh membuat perintah `makemessages` penyesuaian dan menimpa atribut `xgettext_options` nya:

    from django.core.management.commands import makemessages

    class Command(makemessages.Command):
        xgettext_options = makemessages.Command.xgettext_options + ['--keyword=mytrans']

Jika anda butuh lebih keluwesan, anda dapat juga menambahkan argumen baru ke perintah perintah `makemessages` anda:

    from django.core.management.commands import makemessages

    class Command(makemessages.Command):

        def add_arguments(self, parser):
            super().add_arguments(parser)
            parser.add_argument(
                '--extra-keyword',
                dest='xgettext_keywords',
                action='append',
            )

        def handle(self, *args, **options):
            xgettext_keywords = options.pop('xgettext_keywords')
            if xgettext_keywords:
                self.xgettext_options = (
                    makemessages.Command.xgettext_options[:] +
                    ['--keyword=%s' % kwd for kwd in xgettext_keywords]
                )
            super().handle(*args, **options)

## Bermacam-macam

### Tampilan mengalihkan `set_language`

`set_language`(request)

As a convenience, Django comes with a view, `django.views.i18n.set_language()`, that sets a user's language preference and redirects to a given URL or, by default, back to the previous page.

Aktifkan tampilan ini dengan menambahkan baris berikut ke URLconf anda:

    path('i18n/', include('django.conf.urls.i18n')),

(Catat bahwa contoh ini membuat tampilan tersedia pada `/i18n/setlang/`.)

Peringatan

pastikan bahwa anda tidak menyertakan URL diatas dalam `i18n_patterns()` - itu butuh menjadi bahasa-berdiri-sendiri untuk bekerja dengan benar.

The view expects to be called via the `POST` method, with a `language` parameter set in request. If session support is enabled, the view saves the language choice in the user's session. Otherwise, it saves the language choice in a cookie that is by default named `django_language`. (The name can be changed through the `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME` setting.)

After setting the language choice, Django looks for a `next` parameter in the `POST` or `GET` data. If that is found and Django considers it to be a safe URL (i.e. it doesn't point to a different host and uses a safe scheme), a redirect to that URL will be performed. Otherwise, Django may fall back to redirecting the user to the URL from the `Referer` header or, if it is not set, to `/`, depending on the nature of the request:

- Untuk permintaan AJAX, fallback akan dialkukan hanya jika parameter `next` telah disetel. Sebaliknya sebuah kode keadaan 204 (Tidak ada Isi) akan dikembalikan.
- Untuk permintaan bukan-AJAX, fallback akan selalu dilakukan.

Ini adalah contoh kode cetakan HTML:

    {% load i18n %}

    <form action="{% url 'set_language' %}" method="post">{% csrf_token %}
        <input name="next" type="hidden" value="{{ redirect_to }}" />
        <select name="language">
            {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}
            {% get_available_languages as LANGUAGES %}
            {% get_language_info_list for LANGUAGES as languages %}
            {% for language in languages %}
                <option value="{{ language.code }}"{% if language.code == LANGUAGE_CODE %} selected{% endif %}>
                    {{ language.name_local }} ({{ language.code }})
                </option>
            {% endfor %}
        </select>
        <input type="submit" value="Go" />
    </form>

Dalam contoh ini, Django mencari URL dari halaman pada dimana pengguna akan dialihkan dalam variabel konteks `redirect_to`.

### Secara jelas mengatur bahasa aktif

Anda mungkin ingin menyetel bahasa aktif untuk sesi saat ini secara jelas. Mungkin pilihan bahasa pengguna diambil dari sistem lain, sebagai contoh. Anda telah diperkenalkan pada `django.utils.translation.activate()`. Yang memberlakukan ke hanya rangkaian saat ini. Untuk bertahan bahasa untuk seluruh sesi, juga rubah `LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY` dalam sesi:

    from django.utils import translation
    user_language = 'fr'
    translation.activate(user_language)
    request.session[translation.LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY] = user_language

Anda biasaya ingin melakukan menggunakan kedua: `django.utils.translation.activate()` akan merubah bahasa ke rangkaian ini, dan merubah sesi membuat pilihan ini tetap ada di permintaan akan datang.

Jika anda tidak menggunakan sesi, bahasa akan terus ada dalam sebuah cookie, yang namanya dikonfigurasi dalam `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME`. Sebagai contoh:

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from django.utils import translation
    user_language = 'fr'
    translation.activate(user_language)
    response = HttpResponse(...)
    response.set_cookie(settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME, user_language)

### Menggunakan terjemahan diluar tampilan dan cetakan

While Django provides a rich set of i18n tools for use in views and templates, it does not restrict the usage to Django-specific code. The Django translation mechanisms can be used to translate arbitrary texts to any language that is supported by Django (as long as an appropriate translation catalog exists, of course). You can load a translation catalog, activate it and translate text to language of your choice, but remember to switch back to original language, as activating a translation catalog is done on per-thread basis and such change will affect code running in the same thread.

Sebagai contoh:

    from django.utils import translation

    def welcome_translated(language):
        cur_language = translation.get_language()
        try:
            translation.activate(language)
            text = translation.gettext('welcome')
        finally:
            translation.activate(cur_language)
        return text

Memanggil fungsi ini dengan nilai 'de' akan memberikan anda `"Willkommen"`, tanpa memperhatikan dari `LANGUAGE_CODE` dan bahasa disetel oleh middleware.

Fungsi-fungsi untuk minat tertentu adalah `django.utils.translation.get_language()` yang mengembalikan bahasa digunakan dalam thread saat ini, `django.utils.translation.activate()` yang mengaktifkan sebuah katalog terjemahan untuk thread saat ini, dan `django.utils.translation.check_for_language()` yang akan memeriksa jika bahasa diberikan adalah didukung oleh Django.

Untuk membantu menulis lebih kode ringkas, ada juga sebuah pengelola konteks `django.utils.translation.override()` yang menyimpan bahasa sat ini pada saat masuk dan menyimpan kembali itu pada saat keluar. Dengan itu, contoh diatas menjadi:

    from django.utils import translation

    def welcome_translated(language):
        with translation.override(language):
            return translation.gettext('welcome')

### Cookie bahasa

Sejumlah pengatuan dapat digunakan untuk menyesuaikan pilihan cookie bahasa:

- `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME`
- `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE`
- `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN`
- `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH`

## Catatan penerapan

### Keahlian khusus dari terjemahan Django

Django's translation machinery uses the standard `gettext` module that comes with Python. If you know `gettext`, you might note these specialties in the way Django does translation:

- The string domain is `django` or `djangojs`. This string domain is used to differentiate between different programs that store their data in a common message-file library (usually `/usr/share/locale/`). The `django` domain is used for Python and template translation strings and is loaded into the global translation catalogs. The `djangojs` domain is only used for JavaScript translation catalogs to make sure that those are as small as possible.
- Django tidak menggunakan `xgettext` sendiri. Itu menggunakan Python dibungkus disekitar `xgettext` dan `msgfmt`. Ini kebanyakan untuk kenyamanan.

### Bagaimana Django menemukan pilihan bahasa

Ketika anda telah menyiapkan terjemahan anda -- atau, jika anda hanya ingin menggunakan terjemahan yang datang dengan Django -- anda hanya butuh mengaktifkan terjemahan untuk aplikasi anda.

Dbelakang layar, Django mempunyai model yang sagat elastis dari memutuskan bahasa mana harus digunakan -- pemasangan-lebar, untuk pengguna tertentu, atau keduanya.

Untuk menyetel sebuah pilihan bahasa pemasangan-luas, setel `LANGUAGE_CODE`. Django menggunakan bahasa ini sebagai terjemahan awalan -- usaha akhir jika tidak ada terjemahan yang cocok ditemukan melalui satu dari metode-metode dengan middleware lokal (lihat dibawah).

Jika yang anda inginkan adalah menjalankan Django dengan bahasa asli anda semua anda butuhkan untuk lakukan adalah menyetel `LANGUAGE_CODE` dan memastikan message files 1 sesuai dan versi tersusun mereka (`.mo`) ada.

Jika anda ingin membiarkan setiap pengguna perorangan menentukan bahasa mana mereka pilih, kemudian anda juga butuh menggunakan `LocaleMiddleware`. `LocaleMiddleware` mengadakan pilihan bahasa berdasarkan pada data dari permintaan. Itu menyesuaikan isi untuk setiap pengguna.

Untuk menggunakan `LocaleMiddleware`, tambah `'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'` ke pengaturan `MIDDLEWARE` anda. Karena urutan middleware penting, ikuti panduan berikut:

- Pastikan itu adalah satu dari middleware pertama dipasang.
- It should come after `SessionMiddleware`, because `LocaleMiddleware` makes use of session data. And it should come before `CommonMiddleware` because `CommonMiddleware` needs an activated language in order to resolve the requested URL.
- Jika anda menggunakan `CacheMiddleware`, taruh `LocaleMiddleware` setelah itu.

Sebagai contoh, `MIDDLEWARE` anda mungkin terlihat seperti ini:

    MIDDLEWARE = [
       'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
       'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
       'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    ]

(Untuk lebih pada middleware, lihat middleware documentation 1.)

`LocaleMiddleware` mencoba menentukan pilihan bahasa pengguna dengan mengikuti algoritma ini:

- First, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL. This is only performed when you are using the `i18n_patterns` function in your root URLconf. See Internasionalisasi: dalam pola URL for more information about the language prefix and how to internationalize URL patterns.

- Failing that, it looks for the `LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY` key in the current user's session.

- Failing that, it looks for a cookie.

  Nama dari cookie digunakan adalah disetel oleh pengaturan `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME`. (Nama awalan adalah `django_language`.)

- Failing that, it looks at the `Accept-Language` HTTP header. This header is sent by your browser and tells the server which language(s) you prefer, in order by priority. Django tries each language in the header until it finds one with available translations.

- Failing that, it uses the global `LANGUAGE_CODE` setting.

Catatan:

- In each of these places, the language preference is expected to be in the standard language format, as a string. For example, Brazilian Portuguese is `pt-br`.

- If a base language is available but the sublanguage specified is not, Django uses the base language. For example, if a user specifies `de-at` (Austrian German) but Django only has `de` available, Django uses `de`.

- Only languages listed in the `LANGUAGES` setting can be selected. If you want to restrict the language selection to a subset of provided languages (because your application doesn't provide all those languages), set `LANGUAGES` to a list of languages. For example:

      LANGUAGES = [
        ('de', _('German')),
        ('en', _('English')),
      ]

  Contoh-contoh ini membatasi bahasa-bahasa yang tersedia untuk pemilihan otomatis pada Jerman dan Inggris (dan subbahasa apapun, seperti de-ch atau en-us).

- If you define a custom `LANGUAGES` setting, as explained in the previous bullet, you can mark the language names as translation strings -- but use `gettext_lazy()` instead of `gettext()` to avoid a circular import.

  Ini adalah contoh sebuah berkas pengaturan:

      from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

      LANGUAGES = [
          ('de', _('German')),
          ('en', _('English')),
      ]

Once `LocaleMiddleware` determines the user's preference, it makes this preference available as `request.LANGUAGE_CODE` for each `HttpRequest`. Feel free to read this value in your view code. Here's a simple example:

    from django.http import HttpResponse

    def hello_world(request, count):
        if request.LANGUAGE_CODE == 'de-at':
            return HttpResponse("You prefer to read Austrian German.")
        else:
            return HttpResponse("You prefer to read another language.")

Catat bahwa, dengan terjemahan tetap (tanpa-middleware), bahasa di `settings.LANGUAGE_CODE`, selagi dengan terjemahan dinamis (middleware), itu di `request.LANGUAGE_CODE`.

### Bagaimana Django menemukan terjemahan

At runtime, Django builds an in-memory unified catalog of literals-translations. To achieve this it looks for translations by following this algorithm regarding the order in which it examines the different file paths to load the compiled message files (`.mo`) and the precedence of multiple translations for the same literal:

1. The directories listed in `LOCALE_PATHS` have the highest precedence, with the ones appearing first having higher precedence than the ones appearing later.
2. Then, it looks for and uses if it exists a `locale` directory in each of the installed apps listed in `INSTALLED_APPS`. The ones appearing first have higher precedence than the ones appearing later.
3. Akhirnya, terjemahan dasar disediakan-Django dalam `django/conf/locale` digunakan sebagai sebuah fallback.

lihat juga

The translations for literals included in JavaScript assets are looked up following a similar but not identical algorithm. See `JavaScriptCatalog` for more details.

You can also put custom format files in the `LOCALE_PATHS` directories if you also set `FORMAT_MODULE_PATH`.

In all cases the name of the directory containing the translation is expected to be named using locale name notation. E.g. `de`, `pt_BR`, `es_AR`, etc.

Cara ini, anda dapat menulis aplikasi yang menyertakan terjemahan mereka sendiri, dan anda dapat menimpa terjemahan dasar dalam proyek anda. Atau, anda dapat cukup membangun proyek besar dari beberapa aplikasi dan menaruh semua terjemahan kedalam berkas pesan umum besar ke proyek anda susun. Pilihan ada di anda.

Semua gudang berkas pesan tersusun cara sama. Mereka adalah:

- Semua jalur-jalur terdaftar dalam `LOCALE_PATHS` di berkas pengaturan anda adalah dicari untuk `1/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)`
- $APPPATH/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``
- `$PYTHONPATH/django/conf/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)`

Untuk membuat berkas pesan, anda menggunakan , anda menggunakan alat `django-admin makemessages` . Dan anda menggunakan `django-admin compilemessages` untuk menghasilkan berkas-berkas biner `.mo` yang digunakan oleh `gettext`.

Anda dapat juga menjalankan `django-admin compilemessages --settings=path.to.settings 1` untuk membuat penyusun mengolah semua direktori dalam pengaturan `LOCALE_PATHS` anda.

### Menggunakan bahasa dasar bukan-Inggris

Django membuat anggapan umum bahwa string asli dalam proyek terjemahan ditulis dalam Inggris. Anda dapat memilih bahasa lain, tetapi harus waspada dari batasan tertentu:

- `gettext` only provides two plural forms for the original messages, so you will also need to provide a translation for the base language to include all plural forms if the plural rules for the base language are different from English.
- When an English variant is activated and English strings are missing, the fallback language will not be the `LANGUAGE_CODE` of the project, but the original strings. For example, an English user visiting a site with `LANGUAGE_CODE` set to Spanish and original strings written in Russian will see Russian text rather than Spanish.