# dokumentasi Django 2.0.8

# Aplikasi `staticfiles`

`django.contrib.staticfiles` menyimpan berkas-berkas tetap dari setiap dari aplikasi anda (dan setiap tempat lain anda tentukan) kedalam tempat tunggal yang dapat dengan mudah dilayani di produksi.

lihat juga

Untuk sebuah perkenalaln pada aplikasi berkas-berkas tetap dan beberapa penggunaan contoh, lihat Mengelola berkas statis (sebagai contoh gambar, JavaScript, CSS). Untuk panduan dalam menyebarkan berkas-berkas tetap, lihat menyebarkan berkas tetap.

## Pengaturan

Lihat staticfiles settings untuk rincian pada pengaturan berikut:

- `STATIC_ROOT`
- `STATIC_URL`
- `STATICFILES_DIRS`
- `STATICFILES_STORAGE`
- `STATICFILES_FINDERS`

## Pengelolaan perintah

`django.contrib.staticfiles` membuka tiga perintah pengelolaan.

### `collectstatic`

`django-admin collectstatic`

Kumpulkan berkas-berkas tetap kedalam `STATIC_ROOT`.

Duplicate file names are by default resolved in a similar way to how template resolution works: the file that is first found in one of the specified locations will be used. If you're confused, the `findstatic` command can help show you which files are found.

On subsequent `collectstatic` runs (if `STATIC_ROOT` isn't empty), files are copied only if they have a modified timestamp greater than the timestamp of the file in `STATIC_ROOT`. Therefore if you remove an application from `INSTALLED_APPS`, it's a good idea to use the `collectstatic --clear` option in order to remove stale static files.

Files are searched by using the `enabled finders`. The default is to look in all locations defined in `STATICFILES_DIRS` and in the `'static'` directory of apps specified by the `INSTALLED_APPS` setting.

Perintah pengelolaan `collectstatic` memanggil metode `post_process()` dari `STATICFILES_STORAGE` setiap berjalan dan melewatkan daftar jalur yang telah ditemukan oleh perintah pengelolaan. Itu juga menerima semua pilihan baris perintah dari `collectstatic`. Ini digunakan oleh `CachedStaticFilesStorage` secara awalan.

By default, collected files receive permissions from `FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS` and collected directories receive permissions from `FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS`. If you would like different permissions for these files and/or directories, you can subclass either of the static files storage classes and specify the `file_permissions_mode` and/or `directory_permissions_mode` parameters, respectively. For example:

    from django.contrib.staticfiles import storage

    class MyStaticFilesStorage(storage.StaticFilesStorage):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            kwargs['file_permissions_mode'] = 0o640
            kwargs['directory_permissions_mode'] = 0o760
            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

Kemudian setel pengaturan `STATICFILES_STORAGE` menjadi `'path.to.MyStaticFilesStorage'`.

Beberapa pilihan umum digunakan adalah:

`--noinput````,` `--no-input```

  Do NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.

`--ignore` `PATTERN``,` `-i` `PATTERN`

  Abaikan berkas-berkas atau direktori cocok dengan pola gaya-global ini. Gunakan beberapa kali untuk mengabaikan lebih.

`--dry-run````,` `-n```

  Lakukan apapun kecuali merubah sistem berkas.

`--clear````,` `-c```

  Bersihkan berkas-berkas yang ada sebelum mencoba menyalin atau menaut berkas asli.

`--link````,` `-l```

  Buat sebuah tautan simbolus pada setiap berkas daripada menyalin.

`--no-post-process```

  Jangan memanggil metode `post_process()` dari backend penyimpanan `STATICFILES_STORAGE` yang sudah dikonfigurasi.

`--no-default-ignore```

  Jangan abaikan pola-gaya-blobal pribadi umum `'CVS'`, `'.*'` dan `'*~'`.

Untuk daftar penuh dari pilihan, mengacu pada perintah bantuan sendiri dengan menjalankan:

    $ python manage.py collectstatic --help

#### Menyesuaikan daftar pola diabaikan

The default ignored pattern list, `['CVS', '.*', '*~']`, can be customized in a more persistent way than providing the `--ignore` command option at each `collectstatic` invocation. Provide a custom `AppConfig` class, override the `ignore_patterns` attribute of this class and replace `'django.contrib.staticfiles'` with that class path in your `INSTALLED_APPS` setting:

    from django.contrib.staticfiles.apps import StaticFilesConfig

    class MyStaticFilesConfig(StaticFilesConfig):
        ignore_patterns = [...]  # your custom ignore list

### `findstatic`

`django-admin findstatic staticfile [staticfile ...]`

Mencari untuk satu atau lebih jalur relatif dengan diadakan penemu.

Sebagai contoh:

    $ python manage.py findstatic css/base.css admin/js/core.js
    Found 'css/base.css' here:
      /home/special.polls.com/core/static/css/base.css
      /home/polls.com/core/static/css/base.css
    Found 'admin/js/core.js' here:
      /home/polls.com/src/django/contrib/admin/media/js/core.js

`findstatic``--first`

By default, all matching locations are found. To only return the first match for each relative path, use the `--first` option:

    $ python manage.py findstatic css/base.css --first
    Found 'css/base.css' here:
      /home/special.polls.com/core/static/css/base.css

This is a debugging aid; it'll show you exactly which static file will be collected for a given path.

Dengan mengatur bendera `--verbosity` menjadi 0, anda dapat menekan keluaran tambahan dan hanya mendapatkan nama-nama jalur:

    $ python manage.py findstatic css/base.css --verbosity 0
    /home/special.polls.com/core/static/css/base.css
    /home/polls.com/core/static/css/base.css

Di pihak lain, dengan mengatur bendera `--verbosity` menjadi 2, anda dapat mendapatkan semua direktori yang telah dicari:

    $ python manage.py findstatic css/base.css --verbosity 2
    Found 'css/base.css' here:
      /home/special.polls.com/core/static/css/base.css
      /home/polls.com/core/static/css/base.css
    Looking in the following locations:
      /home/special.polls.com/core/static
      /home/polls.com/core/static
      /some/other/path/static

### `runserver`

`django-admin runserver [addrport]`

Overrides the core `runserver` command if the `staticfiles` app is `installed` and adds automatic serving of static files. File serving doesn't run through `MIDDLEWARE`.

The command adds these options:

`--nostatic```

Use the `--nostatic` option to disable serving of static files with the staticfiles app entirely. This option is only available if the staticfiles app is in your project's `INSTALLED_APPS` setting.

Contoh penggunaan:

    django-admin runserver --nostatic

`--insecure```

Use the `--insecure` option to force serving of static files with the staticfiles app even if the `DEBUG` setting is `False`. By using this you acknowledge the fact that it's grossly inefficient and probably insecure. This is only intended for local development, should never be used in production and is only available if the staticfiles app is in your project's `INSTALLED_APPS` setting.

`--insecure` doesn't work with `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` or `CachedStaticFilesStorage`.

Contoh penggunaan:

    django-admin runserver --insecure

## Penyimpanan

### `StaticFilesStorage`

class `storage.``StaticFilesStorage`

A subclass of the `FileSystemStorage` storage backend that uses the `STATIC_ROOT` setting as the base file system location and the `STATIC_URL` setting respectively as the base URL.

`storage.StaticFilesStorage.``post_process`(paths, **options)

This method is called by the `collectstatic` management command after each run and gets passed the local storages and paths of found files as a dictionary, as well as the command line options.

The `CachedStaticFilesStorage` uses this behind the scenes to replace the paths with their hashed counterparts and update the cache appropriately.

### `ManifestStaticFilesStorage`

class `storage.``ManifestStaticFilesStorage`

A subclass of the `StaticFilesStorage` storage backend which stores the file names it handles by appending the MD5 hash of the file's content to the filename. For example, the file `css/styles.css` would also be saved as `css/styles.55e7cbb9ba48.css`.

The purpose of this storage is to keep serving the old files in case some pages still refer to those files, e.g. because they are cached by you or a 3rd party proxy server. Additionally, it's very helpful if you want to apply far future Expires headers to the deployed files to speed up the load time for subsequent page visits.

The storage backend automatically replaces the paths found in the saved files matching other saved files with the path of the cached copy (using the `post_process()` method). The regular expressions used to find those paths (`django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.HashedFilesMixin.patterns`) by default covers the @import rule and url() statement of Cascading Style Sheets. For example, the `'css/styles.css'` file with the content

    @import url("../admin/css/base.css");

would be replaced by calling the `url()` method of the `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` storage backend, ultimately saving a `'css/styles.55e7cbb9ba48.css'` file with the following content:

    @import url("../admin/css/base.27e20196a850.css");

`storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.``max_post_process_passes`

Since static files might reference other static files that need to have their paths replaced, multiple passes of replacing paths may be needed until the file hashes converge. To prevent an infinite loop due to hashes not converging (for example, if `'foo.css'` references `'bar.css'` which references `'foo.css'`) there is a maximum number of passes before post-processing is abandoned. In cases with a large number of references, a higher number of passes might be needed. Increase the maximum number of passes by subclassing `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` and setting the `max_post_process_passes` attribute. It defaults to 5.

Changed in Django 1.11:

Previous versions didn't make multiple passes to ensure file hashes converged, so often times file hashes weren't correct. The `max_post_process_passes` attribute was added.

To enable the `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` you have to make sure the following requirements are met:

- the `STATICFILES_STORAGE` setting is set to `'django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage'`
- Pengaturan `DEBUG` disetel ke `False`
- Anda telah mengumpulkan semua berkas tetap dengan menggunakan perintah pengelolaan `collectstatic`

Since creating the MD5 hash can be a performance burden to your website during runtime, `staticfiles` will automatically store the mapping with hashed names for all processed files in a file called `staticfiles.json`. This happens once when you run the `collectstatic` management command.

`storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.``manifest_strict`

If a file isn't found in the `staticfiles.json` manifest at runtime, a `ValueError` is raised. This behavior can be disabled by subclassing `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` and setting the `manifest_strict` attribute to `False` -- nonexistent paths will remain unchanged.

Changed in Django 1.11:

The `manifest_strict` attribute was added. In older versions, the behavior is the same as `manifest_strict=False`.

Due to the requirement of running `collectstatic`, this storage typically shouldn't be used when running tests as `collectstatic` isn't run as part of the normal test setup. During testing, ensure that the `STATICFILES_STORAGE` setting is set to something else like `'django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.StaticFilesStorage'` (the default).

`storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.``file_hash`(name, content=None)

The method that is used when creating the hashed name of a file. Needs to return a hash for the given file name and content. By default it calculates a MD5 hash from the content's chunks as mentioned above. Feel free to override this method to use your own hashing algorithm.

### `CachedStaticFilesStorage`

class `storage.``CachedStaticFilesStorage`

`CachedStaticFilesStorage` is a similar class like the `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` class but uses Django's caching framework for storing the hashed names of processed files instead of a static manifest file called `staticfiles.json`. This is mostly useful for situations in which you don't have access to the file system.

If you want to override certain options of the cache backend the storage uses, simply specify a custom entry in the `CACHES` setting named `'staticfiles'`. It falls back to using the `'default'` cache backend.

Peringatan

`CachedStaticFilesStorage` isn't recommended -- in almost all cases `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` is a better choice. There are several performance penalties when using `CachedStaticFilesStorage` since a cache miss requires hashing files at runtime. Remote file storage require several round-trips to hash a file on a cache miss, as several file accesses are required to ensure that the file hash is correct in the case of nested file paths.

## Finders Module

`staticfiles` finders has a `searched_locations` attribute which is a list of directory paths in which the finders searched. Example usage:

    from django.contrib.staticfiles import finders

    result = finders.find('css/base.css')
    searched_locations = finders.searched_locations

## Other Helpers

There are a few other helpers outside of the `staticfiles` app to work with static files:

- The `django.template.context_processors.static()` context processor which adds `STATIC_URL` to every template context rendered with `RequestContext` contexts.
- The builtin template tag `static` which takes a path and urljoins it with the static prefix `STATIC_URL`. If `django.contrib.staticfiles` is installed, the tag uses the `url()` method of the `STATICFILES_STORAGE` instead.
- The builtin template tag `get_static_prefix` which populates a template variable with the static prefix `STATIC_URL` to be used as a variable or directly.
- The similar template tag `get_media_prefix` which works like `get_static_prefix` but uses `MEDIA_URL`.

### Static file development view

The static files tools are mostly designed to help with getting static files successfully deployed into production. This usually means a separate, dedicated static file server, which is a lot of overhead to mess with when developing locally. Thus, the `staticfiles` app ships with a quick and dirty helper view that you can use to serve files locally in development.

`views.``serve`(request, path)

This view function serves static files in development.

Peringatan

This view will only work if `DEBUG` is `True`.

That's because this view is grossly inefficient and probably insecure. This is only intended for local development, and should never be used in production.

Catatan

Untuk menebak jenis isi berkas dilayani, tampilan ini bergantung pada modul `mimetypes` dari pustaka standar Python, yang itu sendiri bergantung pada pokok berkas peta serambi. Jika anda menemukan bahwa tampilan ini tidak mengembalikanjenis isi yang sesuai untuk berkas-berkas tertent, itu kebanyakan sepertinya bahwa berkas-berkas peta serambi butuh diperbaharui. Ini dapat dicapai, sebagai contoh, dengan memasang atau memperbaharui paket `mailcap` pada penyaluran Red Hat, atau `mime-support` pada penyaluran Debian.

This view is automatically enabled by `runserver` (with a `DEBUG` setting set to `True`). To use the view with a different local development server, add the following snippet to the end of your primary URL configuration:

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.contrib.staticfiles import views
    from django.urls import re_path

    if settings.DEBUG:
        urlpatterns += [
            re_path(r'^static/(?P<path>.*)$', views.serve),
        ]

Note, the beginning of the pattern (`r'^static/'`) should be your `STATIC_URL` setting.

Since this is a bit finicky, there's also a helper function that'll do this for you:

`urls.``staticfiles_urlpatterns`()

This will return the proper URL pattern for serving static files to your already defined pattern list. Use it like this:

    from django.contrib.staticfiles.urls import staticfiles_urlpatterns

    # ... the rest of your URLconf here ...

    urlpatterns += staticfiles_urlpatterns()

This will inspect your `STATIC_URL` setting and wire up the view to serve static files accordingly. Don't forget to set the `STATICFILES_DIRS` setting appropriately to let `django.contrib.staticfiles` know where to look for files in addition to files in app directories.

Peringatan

This helper function will only work if `DEBUG` is `True` and your `STATIC_URL` setting is neither empty nor a full URL such as `http://static.example.com/`.

That's because this view is grossly inefficient and probably insecure. This is only intended for local development, and should never be used in production.

### Specialized test case to support 'live testing'

class `testing.``StaticLiveServerTestCase`

This unittest TestCase subclass extends `django.test.LiveServerTestCase`.

Just like its parent, you can use it to write tests that involve running the code under test and consuming it with testing tools through HTTP (e.g. Selenium, PhantomJS, etc.), because of which it's needed that the static assets are also published.

But given the fact that it makes use of the `django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve()` view described above, it can transparently overlay at test execution-time the assets provided by the `staticfiles` finders. This means you don't need to run `collectstatic` before or as a part of your tests setup.