# dokumentasi Django 2.0.8

# Alat percobaan

Django menyediakan kumpulan kecil alat yang datang dalam mudah ketika menulis percobaan.

## Klien percobaan

The test client is a Python class that acts as a dummy Web browser, allowing you to test your views and interact with your Django-powered application programmatically.

Beberapa hal anda dapat lakukan dengan klien percobaan adalah:

- Simulate GET and POST requests on a URL and observe the response -- everything from low-level HTTP (result headers and status codes) to page content.
- See the chain of redirects (if any) and check the URL and status code at each step.
- Test that a given request is rendered by a given Django template, with a template context that contains certain values.

Note that the test client is not intended to be a replacement for Selenium or other "in-browser" frameworks. Django's test client has a different focus. In short:

- Use Django's test client to establish that the correct template is being rendered and that the template is passed the correct context data.
- Use in-browser frameworks like Selenium to test rendered HTML and the behavior of Web pages, namely JavaScript functionality. Django also provides special support for those frameworks; see the section on `LiveServerTestCase` for more details.

A comprehensive test suite should use a combination of both test types.

### Ikhtisar dan contoh cepat

To use the test client, instantiate `django.test.Client` and retrieve Web pages:

    >>> from django.test import Client
    >>> c = Client()
    >>> response = c.post('/login/', {'username': 'john', 'password': 'smith'})
    >>> response.status_code
    200
    >>> response = c.get('/customer/details/')
    >>> response.content
    b'<!DOCTYPE html...'

As this example suggests, you can instantiate `Client` from within a session of the Python interactive interpreter.

Catatan sedikit hal-hal penting tentang bagaimana percobaan klien bekerja:

- The test client does not require the Web server to be running. In fact, it will run just fine with no Web server running at all! That's because it avoids the overhead of HTTP and deals directly with the Django framework. This helps make the unit tests run quickly.

- When retrieving pages, remember to specify the path of the URL, not the whole domain. For example, this is correct:

      >>> c.get('/login/')

  Ini tidak benar:

      >>> c.get('https://www.example.com/login/')

  The test client is not capable of retrieving Web pages that are not powered by your Django project. If you need to retrieve other Web pages, use a Python standard library module such as `urllib`.

- To resolve URLs, the test client uses whatever URLconf is pointed-to by your `ROOT_URLCONF` setting.

- Although the above example would work in the Python interactive interpreter, some of the test client's functionality, notably the template-related functionality, is only available while tests are running.

  The reason for this is that Django's test runner performs a bit of black magic in order to determine which template was loaded by a given view. This black magic (essentially a patching of Django's template system in memory) only happens during test running.

- Secara awalan, klien percobaan akan meniadakan pemeriksaan CSRF apapun dilakukan oleh situs anda.

  If, for some reason, you want the test client to perform CSRF checks, you can create an instance of the test client that enforces CSRF checks. To do this, pass in the `enforce_csrf_checks` argument when you construct your client:

      >>> from django.test import Client
      >>> csrf_client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)

### Membuat permintaan

Gunakan kelas `django.test.Client` untuk membuat permintaan.

class `Client`(enforce_csrf_checks=False, **defaults)

  It requires no arguments at time of construction. However, you can use keywords arguments to specify some default headers. For example, this will send a `User-Agent` HTTP header in each request:

      >>> c = Client(HTTP_USER_AGENT='Mozilla/5.0')

  The values from the `extra` keywords arguments passed to `get()`, `post()`, etc. have precedence over the defaults passed to the class constructor.

  The `enforce_csrf_checks` argument can be used to test CSRF protection (see above).

  Once you have a `Client` instance, you can call any of the following methods:

  `get`(path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a GET request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object, which is documented below.

    The key-value pairs in the `data` dictionary are used to create a GET data payload. For example:

        >>> c = Client()
        >>> c.get('/customers/details/', {'name': 'fred', 'age': 7})

    ...will result in the evaluation of a GET request equivalent to:

        /customers/details/?name=fred&age=7

    The `extra` keyword arguments parameter can be used to specify headers to be sent in the request. For example:

        >>> c = Client()
        >>> c.get('/customers/details/', {'name': 'fred', 'age': 7},
        ...       HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH='XMLHttpRequest')

    ...will send the HTTP header `HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH` to the details view, which is a good way to test code paths that use the `django.http.HttpRequest.is_ajax()` method.

    CGI specification

    The headers sent via `**extra` should follow CGI specification. For example, emulating a different "Host" header as sent in the HTTP request from the browser to the server should be passed as `HTTP_HOST`.

    If you already have the GET arguments in URL-encoded form, you can use that encoding instead of using the data argument. For example, the previous GET request could also be posed as:

        >>> c = Client()
        >>> c.get('/customers/details/?name=fred&age=7')

    If you provide a URL with both an encoded GET data and a data argument, the data argument will take precedence.

    If you set `follow` to `True` the client will follow any redirects and a `redirect_chain` attribute will be set in the response object containing tuples of the intermediate urls and status codes.

    If you had a URL `/redirect_me/` that redirected to `/next/`, that redirected to `/final/`, this is what you'd see:

        >>> response = c.get('/redirect_me/', follow=True)
        >>> response.redirect_chain
        [('http://testserver/next/', 302), ('http://testserver/final/', 302)]

    If you set `secure` to `True` the client will emulate an HTTPS request.

  `post`(path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a POST request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object, which is documented below.

    The key-value pairs in the `data` dictionary are used to submit POST data. For example:

        >>> c = Client()
        >>> c.post('/login/', {'name': 'fred', 'passwd': 'secret'})

    ...will result in the evaluation of a POST request to this URL:

        /login/

    ...dengan data POST ini:

        name=fred&passwd=secret

    If you provide `content_type` (e.g. text/xml for an XML payload), the contents of `data` will be sent as-is in the POST request, using `content_type` in the HTTP `Content-Type` header.

    If you don't provide a value for `content_type`, the values in `data` will be transmitted with a content type of multipart/form-data. In this case, the key-value pairs in `data` will be encoded as a multipart message and used to create the POST data payload.

    To submit multiple values for a given key -- for example, to specify the selections for a `<select multiple>` -- provide the values as a list or tuple for the required key. For example, this value of `data` would submit three selected values for the field named `choices`:

        {'choices': ('a', 'b', 'd')}

    Submitting files is a special case. To POST a file, you need only provide the file field name as a key, and a file handle to the file you wish to upload as a value. For example:

        >>> c = Client()
        >>> with open('wishlist.doc') as fp:
        ...     c.post('/customers/wishes/', {'name': 'fred', 'attachment': fp})

    (The name `attachment` here is not relevant; use whatever name your file-processing code expects.)

    You may also provide any file-like object (e.g., `StringIO` or `BytesIO`) as a file handle. If you're uploading to an `ImageField`, the object needs a `name` attribute that passes the `validate_image_file_extension` validator. For example:

        >>> from io import BytesIO
        >>> img = BytesIO(b'mybinarydata')
        >>> img.name = 'myimage.jpg'

    Note that if you wish to use the same file handle for multiple `post()` calls then you will need to manually reset the file pointer between posts. The easiest way to do this is to manually close the file after it has been provided to `post()`, as demonstrated above.

    You should also ensure that the file is opened in a way that allows the data to be read. If your file contains binary data such as an image, this means you will need to open the file in `rb` (read binary) mode.

    The `extra` argument acts the same as for `Client.get()`.

    If the URL you request with a POST contains encoded parameters, these parameters will be made available in the request.GET data. For example, if you were to make the request:

        >>> c.post('/login/?visitor=true', {'name': 'fred', 'passwd': 'secret'})

    ... the view handling this request could interrogate request.POST to retrieve the username and password, and could interrogate request.GET to determine if the user was a visitor.

    If you set `follow` to `True` the client will follow any redirects and a `redirect_chain` attribute will be set in the response object containing tuples of the intermediate urls and status codes.

    If you set `secure` to `True` the client will emulate an HTTPS request.

  `head`(path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a HEAD request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object. This method works just like `Client.get()`, including the `follow`, `secure` and `extra` arguments, except it does not return a message body.

  `options`(path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes an OPTIONS request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    When `data` is provided, it is used as the request body, and a `Content-Type` header is set to `content_type`.

    Argumen-argumen `follow`, `secure` dan `extra` bertindak sama seperti `Client.get()`.

  `put`(path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a PUT request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    When `data` is provided, it is used as the request body, and a `Content-Type` header is set to `content_type`.

    Argumen-argumen `follow`, `secure` dan `extra` bertindak sama seperti `Client.get()`.

  `patch`(path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a PATCH request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    Argumen-argumen `follow`, `secure` dan `extra` bertindak sama seperti `Client.get()`.

  `delete`(path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a DELETE request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    When `data` is provided, it is used as the request body, and a `Content-Type` header is set to `content_type`.

    Argumen-argumen `follow`, `secure` dan `extra` bertindak sama seperti `Client.get()`.

  `trace`(path, follow=False, secure=False, **extra)

    Makes a TRACE request on the provided `path` and returns a `Response` object. Useful for simulating diagnostic probes.

    Unlike the other request methods, `data` is not provided as a keyword parameter in order to comply with RFC 7231#section-4.3.8, which mandates that TRACE requests must not have a body.

    The `follow`, `secure`, and `extra` arguments act the same as for `Client.get()`.

  `login`(**credentials)

    If your site uses Django's authentication system and you deal with logging in users, you can use the test client's `login()` method to simulate the effect of a user logging into the site.

    After you call this method, the test client will have all the cookies and session data required to pass any login-based tests that may form part of a view.

    The format of the `credentials` argument depends on which authentication backend you're using (which is configured by your `AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` setting). If you're using the standard authentication backend provided by Django (`ModelBackend`), `credentials` should be the user's username and password, provided as keyword arguments:

        >>> c = Client()
        >>> c.login(username='fred', password='secret')

        # Now you can access a view that's only available to logged-in users.

    If you're using a different authentication backend, this method may require different credentials. It requires whichever credentials are required by your backend's `authenticate()` method.

    `login()` returns `True` if it the credentials were accepted and login was successful.

    Akhirnya, anda akan butuh mengingat untuk membuat akun pengguna sebelum anda dapat menggunakan cara ini. Seperti kami jelaskan diatas, percobaan pelari dijalankan menggunakan basisdata percobaan, yang mengandung tidak ada pengguna secara awal. Sebagai hasilnya, akun pengguna sah pada situs produksi anda tidak akan bekerja dibawah kondisi percobaan. Anda akan butuh membuat pengguna sebagai bagian dari deretan percobaan -- salah satu secara manual (menggunakan API model Django) atau dengan perbaikan percobaan. Ingat bahwa jika anda ingin percobaan pengguna anda mempunyai sandi, anda tidak dapat mengatur sandi pengguna dengan mengatur atribut sandi secara langsung -- anda harus menggunakan fungsi `set_password()` untuk menyimpan sandi campuran dengan benar. Jalan lain, anda dapat menggunakan cara pembantu `create_user()` untuk membuat sebuah pengguna baru dengan sandi campuran dengan benar.

  `force_login`(user, backend=None)

    Jika situs anda menggunakan sistem pembuktian keaslian Django, anda dapat menggunakan cara `force_login()` untuk menirukan pengaruh dari pengguna masuk kedalam situs. Gunakan cara ini daripada `login()` ketika sebuah percobaan membutuhkan pengguna untuk masuk dan rincian bagaimana sebuah pengguna masuk tidaklah penting.

    Tidak seperti `login()`, cara ini melewati langkah pembuktian keaslian dan pengecekan: pengguna tidak aktif (`is_active=False`) diizinkan untuk masuk dan mandat pengguna tidak butuh disediakan.

    The user will have its `backend` attribute set to the value of the `backend` argument (which should be a dotted Python path string), or to `settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS[0]` if a value isn't provided. The `authenticate()` function called by `login()` normally annotates the user like this.

    This method is faster than `login()` since the expensive password hashing algorithms are bypassed. Also, you can speed up `login()` by using a weaker hasher while testing.

  `logout`()

    If your site uses Django's authentication system, the `logout()` method can be used to simulate the effect of a user logging out of your site.

    After you call this method, the test client will have all the cookies and session data cleared to defaults. Subsequent requests will appear to come from an `AnonymousUser`.

### Tanggapan percobaan

The `get()` and `post()` methods both return a `Response` object. This `Response` object is not the same as the `HttpResponse` object returned by Django views; the test response object has some additional data useful for test code to verify.

Specifically, a `Response` object has the following attributes:

class `Response`
  `client`

    The test client that was used to make the request that resulted in the response.

  `content`

    The body of the response, as a bytestring. This is the final page content as rendered by the view, or any error message.

  `context`

    The template `Context` instance that was used to render the template that produced the response content.

    If the rendered page used multiple templates, then `context` will be a list of `Context` objects, in the order in which they were rendered.

    Regardless of the number of templates used during rendering, you can retrieve context values using the `[]` operator. For example, the context variable `name` could be retrieved using:

        >>> response = client.get('/foo/')
        >>> response.context['name']
        'Arthur'

    Tidak menggunakan cetakan Django?

    This attribute is only populated when using the `DjangoTemplates` backend. If you're using another template engine, `context_data` may be a suitable alternative on responses with that attribute.

  `json`(**kwargs)

    The body of the response, parsed as JSON. Extra keyword arguments are passed to `json.loads()`. For example:

        >>> response = client.get('/foo/')
        >>> response.json()['name']
        'Arthur'

    If the `Content-Type` header is not `"application/json"`, then a `ValueError` will be raised when trying to parse the response.

  `request`

    Data diminta yang merangsang tanggapan.

  `wsgi_request`

    The `WSGIRequest` instance generated by the test handler that generated the response.

  `status_code`

    Keadaan HTTP dari tanggapan, sebagai sebuah integer. Untuk daftar penuh dari kode yang ditentukan, lihat IANA status code registry.

  `templates`

    A list of `Template` instances used to render the final content, in the order they were rendered. For each template in the list, use `template.name` to get the template's file name, if the template was loaded from a file. (The name is a string such as `'admin/index.html'`.)

    Tidak menggunakan cetakan Django?

    This attribute is only populated when using the `DjangoTemplates` backend. If you're using another template engine, `template_name` may be a suitable alternative if you only need the name of the template used for rendering.

  `resolver_match`

    An instance of `ResolverMatch` for the response. You can use the `func` attribute, for example, to verify the view that served the response:

        # my_view here is a function based view
        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.func, my_view)

        # class-based views need to be compared by name, as the functions
        # generated by as_view() won't be equal
        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.func.__name__, MyView.as_view().__name__)

    Jika URL diberikan tidak ditemukan, mengakses atribut ini akan memunculkan pengecualian `Resolver404`.

You can also use dictionary syntax on the response object to query the value of any settings in the HTTP headers. For example, you could determine the content type of a response using `response['Content-Type']`.

### Pengecualian

If you point the test client at a view that raises an exception, that exception will be visible in the test case. You can then use a standard `try ... except` block or `assertRaises()` to test for exceptions.

The only exceptions that are not visible to the test client are `Http404`, `PermissionDenied`, `SystemExit`, and `SuspiciousOperation`. Django catches these exceptions internally and converts them into the appropriate HTTP response codes. In these cases, you can check `response.status_code` in your test.

### Keadaan gigih

The test client is stateful. If a response returns a cookie, then that cookie will be stored in the test client and sent with all subsequent `get()` and `post()` requests.

Expiration policies for these cookies are not followed. If you want a cookie to expire, either delete it manually or create a new `Client` instance (which will effectively delete all cookies).

A test client has two attributes that store persistent state information. You can access these properties as part of a test condition.

`Client.``cookies`

  A Python `SimpleCookie` object, containing the current values of all the client cookies. See the documentation of the `http.cookies` module for more.

`Client.``session`

  A dictionary-like object containing session information. See the session documentation for full details.

  To modify the session and then save it, it must be stored in a variable first (because a new `SessionStore` is created every time this property is accessed):

      def test_something(self):
          session = self.client.session
          session['somekey'] = 'test'
          session.save()

### Mengatur bahasa

When testing applications that support internationalization and localization, you might want to set the language for a test client request. The method for doing so depends on whether or not the `LocaleMiddleware` is enabled.

If the middleware is enabled, the language can be set by creating a cookie with a name of `LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME` and a value of the language code:

    from django.conf import settings

    def test_language_using_cookie(self):
        self.client.cookies.load({settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'fr'})
        response = self.client.get('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Bienvenue sur mon site.")

atau dengan menyertakan kepala HTTP `Accept-Language` dalam permintaan:

    def test_language_using_header(self):
        response = self.client.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='fr')
        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Bienvenue sur mon site.")

Lebih rinci adalah dalam Bagaimana Django menemukan pilihan bahasa.

Jika middleware tidak diadakan, bahasa aktif mungkin disetel menggunakan `translation.override()`:

    from django.utils import translation

    def test_language_using_override(self):
        with translation.override('fr'):
            response = self.client.get('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Bienvenue sur mon site.")

Lebih rinci adalah di Secara jelas mengatur bahasa aktif.

### Contoh

Berikut adalah percobaan satuan sederhana menggunakan percobaan klien:

    import unittest
    from django.test import Client

    class SimpleTest(unittest.TestCase):
        def setUp(self):
            # Every test needs a client.
            self.client = Client()

        def test_details(self):
            # Issue a GET request.
            response = self.client.get('/customer/details/')

            # Check that the response is 200 OK.
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

            # Check that the rendered context contains 5 customers.
            self.assertEqual(len(response.context['customers']), 5)

lihat juga

`django.test.RequestFactory`

## Disediakan kelas-kelas percobaan kasus

Normal Python unit test classes extend a base class of `unittest.TestCase`. Django provides a few extensions of this base class:

Susunan dari satuan kelas-kelas percobaan Django

Converting a normal `unittest.TestCase` to any of the subclasses is easy: change the base class of your test from `unittest.TestCase` to the subclass. All of the standard Python unit test functionality will be available, and it will be augmented with some useful additions as described in each section below.

### `SimpleTestCase`

class `SimpleTestCase`

Sebuah subkelas `unittest.TestCase` yang menambahkan kegunaan ini:

- Beberapa penegasan berguna seperti:
  - Memeriksa bahwa sebuah callable `raises a certain exception`.
  - Menguji bidang formulir `rendering and error treatment`.
  - Menguji `HTML responses for the presence/lack of a given fragment`.
  - Memeriksa bahwa sebuah cetakan `has/hasn't been used to generate a given response content`.
  - Verifying a HTTP `redirect` is performed by the app.
  - Robustly testing two `HTML fragments` for equality/inequality or `containment`.
  - Robustly testing two `XML fragments` for equality/inequality.
  - Sangat kuat mencoba dua `JSON fragments` untuk kesetaraan.
- Kemampuan menjalankan percobaan dengan modified settings 1.
- Menggunakan `client` `Client`.

If your tests make any database queries, use subclasses `TransactionTestCase` or `TestCase`.

`SimpleTestCase.``allow_database_queries`

  `SimpleTestCase` disallows database queries by default. This helps to avoid executing write queries which will affect other tests since each `SimpleTestCase` test isn't run in a transaction. If you aren't concerned about this problem, you can disable this behavior by setting the `allow_database_queries` class attribute to `True` on your test class.

Peringatan

`SimpleTestCase` and its subclasses (e.g. `TestCase`, ...) rely on `setUpClass()` and `tearDownClass()` to perform some class-wide initialization (e.g. overriding settings). If you need to override those methods, don't forget to call the `super` implementation:

    class MyTestCase(TestCase):

        @classmethod
        def setUpClass(cls):
            super().setUpClass()
            ...

        @classmethod
        def tearDownClass(cls):
            ...
            super().tearDownClass()

Be sure to account for Python's behavior if an exception is raised during `setUpClass()`. If that happens, neither the tests in the class nor `tearDownClass()` are run. In the case of `django.test.TestCase`, this will leak the transaction created in `super()` which results in various symptoms including a segmentation fault on some platforms (reported on macOS). If you want to intentionally raise an exception such as `unittest.SkipTest` in `setUpClass()`, be sure to do it before calling `super()` to avoid this.

### `TransactionTestCase`

class `TransactionTestCase`

`TransactionTestCase` mewarisi dari `SimpleTestCase` untuk menambah beberapa fitur-fitur khusus-basisdata:

- Resetting the database to a known state at the beginning of each test to ease testing and using the ORM.
- Basisdata `fixtures`.
- Mencoba `SimpleTestCase`
- The remaining specialized `assert*` methods.

Django's `TestCase` class is a more commonly used subclass of `TransactionTestCase` that makes use of database transaction facilities to speed up the process of resetting the database to a known state at the beginning of each test. A consequence of this, however, is that some database behaviors cannot be tested within a Django `TestCase` class. For instance, you cannot test that a block of code is executing within a transaction, as is required when using `select_for_update()`. In those cases, you should use `TransactionTestCase`.

`TransactionTestCase` and `TestCase` are identical except for the manner in which the database is reset to a known state and the ability for test code to test the effects of commit and rollback:

- A `TransactionTestCase` resets the database after the test runs by truncating all tables. A `TransactionTestCase` may call commit and rollback and observe the effects of these calls on the database.
- A `TestCase`, on the other hand, does not truncate tables after a test. Instead, it encloses the test code in a database transaction that is rolled back at the end of the test. This guarantees that the rollback at the end of the test restores the database to its initial state.

Peringatan

`TestCase` running on a database that does not support rollback (e.g. MySQL with the MyISAM storage engine), and all instances of `TransactionTestCase`, will roll back at the end of the test by deleting all data from the test database.

Aplikas-aplikasi will not see their data reloaded 1; jika anda butuh kegunaan ini (sebagai contoh, aplikasi-aplikasi pihak-ketiga harus mengadakan ini) anda dapat mensetel `serialized_rollback = True` didalam badan `TestCase`.

### `TestCase`

class `TestCase`

This is the most common class to use for writing tests in Django. It inherits from `TransactionTestCase` (and by extension `SimpleTestCase`). If your Django application doesn't use a database, use `SimpleTestCase`.

The class:

- Wraps the tests within two nested `atomic()` blocks: one for the whole class and one for each test. Therefore, if you want to test some specific database transaction behavior, use `TransactionTestCase`.
- Checks deferrable database constraints at the end of each test.

Itu juga menyediakan sebuah metode tambahan:

classmethod `TestCase.``setUpTestData`()

  The class-level `atomic` block described above allows the creation of initial data at the class level, once for the whole `TestCase`. This technique allows for faster tests as compared to using `setUp()`.

  Sebagai contoh:

      from django.test import TestCase

      class MyTests(TestCase):
          @classmethod
          def setUpTestData(cls):
              # Set up data for the whole TestCase
              cls.foo = Foo.objects.create(bar="Test")
              ...

          def test1(self):
              # Some test using self.foo
              ...

          def test2(self):
              # Some other test using self.foo
              ...

  Note that if the tests are run on a database with no transaction support (for instance, MySQL with the MyISAM engine), `setUpTestData()` will be called before each test, negating the speed benefits.

  Be careful not to modify any objects created in `setUpTestData()` in your test methods. Modifications to in-memory objects from setup work done at the class level will persist between test methods. If you do need to modify them, you could reload them in the `setUp()` method with `refresh_from_db()`, for example.

### `LiveServerTestCase`

class `LiveServerTestCase`

`LiveServerTestCase` does basically the same as `TransactionTestCase` with one extra feature: it launches a live Django server in the background on setup, and shuts it down on teardown. This allows the use of automated test clients other than the Django dummy client such as, for example, the Selenium client, to execute a series of functional tests inside a browser and simulate a real user's actions.

The live server listens on `localhost` and binds to port 0 which uses a free port assigned by the operating system. The server's URL can be accessed with `self.live_server_url` during the tests.

Changed in Django 1.11:

In older versions, Django tried a predefined port range which could be customized in various ways including the `DJANGO_LIVE_TEST_SERVER_ADDRESS` environment variable. This is removed in favor of the simpler "bind to port 0" technique.

To demonstrate how to use `LiveServerTestCase`, let's write a simple Selenium test. First of all, you need to install the selenium package into your Python path:

    $ pip install selenium

Then, add a `LiveServerTestCase`-based test to your app's tests module (for example: `myapp/tests.py`). For this example, we'll assume you're using the `staticfiles` app and want to have static files served during the execution of your tests similar to what we get at development time with `DEBUG=True`, i.e. without having to collect them using `collectstatic`. We'll use the `StaticLiveServerTestCase` subclass which provides that functionality. Replace it with `django.test.LiveServerTestCase` if you don't need that.

Kode untuk percobaan ini mungkin terlihat seperti berikut:

    from django.contrib.staticfiles.testing import StaticLiveServerTestCase
    from selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver

    class MySeleniumTests(StaticLiveServerTestCase):
        fixtures = ['user-data.json']

        @classmethod
        def setUpClass(cls):
            super().setUpClass()
            cls.selenium = WebDriver()
            cls.selenium.implicitly_wait(10)

        @classmethod
        def tearDownClass(cls):
            cls.selenium.quit()
            super().tearDownClass()

        def test_login(self):
            self.selenium.get('%s%s' % (self.live_server_url, '/login/'))
            username_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("username")
            username_input.send_keys('myuser')
            password_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("password")
            password_input.send_keys('secret')
            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()

Akhirnya, anda dapat menjalankan percobaan sebagai berikut:

    $ ./manage.py test myapp.tests.MySeleniumTests.test_login

Contoh ini akan otomatis membuka Firefox kemudian pergi ke halaman masuk, masuk mandat dan tekan tombol "Log in". Selenium menawarkan driver-driver lain dalam kasus anda tidak mempunyai Firefox terpasang atau berharap menggunakan peramban lain. Contoh diatas hanya bagian kecil dari apa klien Selenium dapat lakukan; periksa full reference untuk rincian lebih.

Catatan

When using an in-memory SQLite database to run the tests, the same database connection will be shared by two threads in parallel: the thread in which the live server is run and the thread in which the test case is run. It's important to prevent simultaneous database queries via this shared connection by the two threads, as that may sometimes randomly cause the tests to fail. So you need to ensure that the two threads don't access the database at the same time. In particular, this means that in some cases (for example, just after clicking a link or submitting a form), you might need to check that a response is received by Selenium and that the next page is loaded before proceeding with further test execution. Do this, for example, by making Selenium wait until the `<body>` HTML tag is found in the response (requires Selenium > 2.13):

    def test_login(self):
        from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
        timeout = 2
        ...
        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()
        # Wait until the response is received
        WebDriverWait(self.selenium, timeout).until(
            lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_tag_name('body'))

The tricky thing here is that there's really no such thing as a "page load," especially in modern Web apps that generate HTML dynamically after the server generates the initial document. So, simply checking for the presence of `<body>` in the response might not necessarily be appropriate for all use cases. Please refer to the Selenium FAQ and Selenium documentation for more information.

## Fitur percobaan kasus

### Percobaan klien awal

`SimpleTestCase.``client`

Every test case in a `django.test.*TestCase` instance has access to an instance of a Django test client. This client can be accessed as `self.client`. This client is recreated for each test, so you don't have to worry about state (such as cookies) carrying over from one test to another.

This means, instead of instantiating a `Client` in each test:

    import unittest
    from django.test import Client

    class SimpleTest(unittest.TestCase):
        def test_details(self):
            client = Client()
            response = client.get('/customer/details/')
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        def test_index(self):
            client = Client()
            response = client.get('/customer/index/')
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

...anda dapat hanya mengacu ke `self.client`, seperti itu:

    from django.test import TestCase

    class SimpleTest(TestCase):
        def test_details(self):
            response = self.client.get('/customer/details/')
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        def test_index(self):
            response = self.client.get('/customer/index/')
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

### Menyesuaian klien percobaan

`SimpleTestCase.``client_class`

If you want to use a different `Client` class (for example, a subclass with customized behavior), use the `client_class` class attribute:

    from django.test import Client, TestCase

    class MyTestClient(Client):
        # Specialized methods for your environment
        ...

    class MyTest(TestCase):
        client_class = MyTestClient

        def test_my_stuff(self):
            # Here self.client is an instance of MyTestClient...
            call_some_test_code()

### Fixture loading

`TransactionTestCase.``fixtures`

A test case for a database-backed website isn't much use if there isn't any data in the database. Tests are more readable and it's more maintainable to create objects using the ORM, for example in `TestCase.setUpTestData()`, however, you can also use fixtures.

A fixture is a collection of data that Django knows how to import into a database. For example, if your site has user accounts, you might set up a fixture of fake user accounts in order to populate your database during tests.

The most straightforward way of creating a fixture is to use the `manage.py dumpdata` command. This assumes you already have some data in your database. See the `dumpdata documentation` for more details.

Once you've created a fixture and placed it in a `fixtures` directory in one of your `INSTALLED_APPS`, you can use it in your unit tests by specifying a `fixtures` class attribute on your `django.test.TestCase` subclass:

    from django.test import TestCase
    from myapp.models import Animal

    class AnimalTestCase(TestCase):
        fixtures = ['mammals.json', 'birds']

        def setUp(self):
            # Test definitions as before.
            call_setup_methods()

        def test_fluffy_animals(self):
            # A test that uses the fixtures.
            call_some_test_code()

Ini adalah secara khusus apa yang akan terjadi:

- At the start of each test, before `setUp()` is run, Django will flush the database, returning the database to the state it was in directly after `migrate` was called.
- Then, all the named fixtures are installed. In this example, Django will install any JSON fixture named `mammals`, followed by any fixture named `birds`. See the `loaddata` documentation for more details on defining and installing fixtures.

For performance reasons, `TestCase` loads fixtures once for the entire test class, before `setUpTestData()`, instead of before each test, and it uses transactions to clean the database before each test. In any case, you can be certain that the outcome of a test will not be affected by another test or by the order of test execution.

By default, fixtures are only loaded into the `default` database. If you are using multiple databases and set `multi_db=True`, fixtures will be loaded into all databases.

### Konfigurasi URLconf

If your application provides views, you may want to include tests that use the test client to exercise those views. However, an end user is free to deploy the views in your application at any URL of their choosing. This means that your tests can't rely upon the fact that your views will be available at a particular URL. Decorate your test class or test method with `@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=...)` for URLconf configuration.

### Dukungan banyak-basisdata

`TransactionTestCase.``multi_db`

Django menyetel basisdata percobaan sesuai pada setiap basisdata yang ditentukan dalam pengertian `DATABASES` dalam berkas pengaturan anda. Bagaimanapun, bagian besar dari waktu diambil untuk menjalankan Django TestCase diskonsumsi dengan memanggil `flush` yang memastikan bahwa anda telah memiliki basisdata bersih pada awal dari setiap percobaan berjalan. Jika anda mempunyai banyak basisdata, banyak flush dibutuhkan (satu untuk setiap basisdata), yang aktiviatsnya dapat memakan waktu -- khususnya jika percobaan anda tidak butuh mencoba aktivitas banyak-basisdata.

As an optimization, Django only flushes the `default` database at the start of each test run. If your setup contains multiple databases, and you have a test that requires every database to be clean, you can use the `multi_db` attribute on the test suite to request a full flush.

Sebagai contoh:

    class TestMyViews(TestCase):
        multi_db = True

        def test_index_page_view(self):
            call_some_test_code()

This test case will flush all the test databases before running `test_index_page_view`.

The `multi_db` flag also affects into which databases the `TransactionTestCase.fixtures` are loaded. By default (when `multi_db=False`), fixtures are only loaded into the `default` database. If `multi_db=True`, fixtures are loaded into all databases.

### Pengaturan utama

Peringatan

Use the functions below to temporarily alter the value of settings in tests. Don't manipulate `django.conf.settings` directly as Django won't restore the original values after such manipulations.

`SimpleTestCase.``settings`()

For testing purposes it's often useful to change a setting temporarily and revert to the original value after running the testing code. For this use case Django provides a standard Python context manager (see PEP 343) called `settings()`, which can be used like this:

    from django.test import TestCase

    class LoginTestCase(TestCase):

        def test_login(self):

            # First check for the default behavior
            response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
            self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/sekrit/')

            # Then override the LOGIN_URL setting
            with self.settings(LOGIN_URL='/other/login/'):
                response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
                self.assertRedirects(response, '/other/login/?next=/sekrit/')

This example will override the `LOGIN_URL` setting for the code in the `with` block and reset its value to the previous state afterwards.

`SimpleTestCase.``modify_settings`()

It can prove unwieldy to redefine settings that contain a list of values. In practice, adding or removing values is often sufficient. The `modify_settings()` context manager makes it easy:

    from django.test import TestCase

    class MiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):

        def test_cache_middleware(self):
            with self.modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
                'append': 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
                'prepend': 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
                'remove': [
                    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
                    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
                    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
                ],
            }):
                response = self.client.get('/')
                # ...

For each action, you can supply either a list of values or a string. When the value already exists in the list, `append` and `prepend` have no effect; neither does `remove` when the value doesn't exist.

`override_settings`()

In case you want to override a setting for a test method, Django provides the `override_settings()` decorator (see PEP 318). It's used like this:

    from django.test import TestCase, override_settings

    class LoginTestCase(TestCase):

        @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/other/login/')
        def test_login(self):
            response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
            self.assertRedirects(response, '/other/login/?next=/sekrit/')

The decorator can also be applied to `TestCase` classes:

    from django.test import TestCase, override_settings

    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/other/login/')
    class LoginTestCase(TestCase):

        def test_login(self):
            response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
            self.assertRedirects(response, '/other/login/?next=/sekrit/')

`modify_settings`()

Likewise, Django provides the `modify_settings()` decorator:

    from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings

    class MiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):

        @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
            'append': 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
            'prepend': 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
        })
        def test_cache_middleware(self):
            response = self.client.get('/')
            # ...

The decorator can also be applied to test case classes:

    from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings

    @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
        'append': 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
        'prepend': 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
    })
    class MiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):

        def test_cache_middleware(self):
            response = self.client.get('/')
            # ...

Catatan

When given a class, these decorators modify the class directly and return it; they don't create and return a modified copy of it. So if you try to tweak the above examples to assign the return value to a different name than `LoginTestCase` or `MiddlewareTestCase`, you may be surprised to find that the original test case classes are still equally affected by the decorator. For a given class, `modify_settings()` is always applied after `override_settings()`.

Peringatan

The settings file contains some settings that are only consulted during initialization of Django internals. If you change them with `override_settings`, the setting is changed if you access it via the `django.conf.settings` module, however, Django's internals access it differently. Effectively, using `override_settings()` or `modify_settings()` with these settings is probably not going to do what you expect it to do.

We do not recommend altering the `DATABASES` setting. Altering the `CACHES` setting is possible, but a bit tricky if you are using internals that make using of caching, like `django.contrib.sessions`. For example, you will have to reinitialize the session backend in a test that uses cached sessions and overrides `CACHES`.

Finally, avoid aliasing your settings as module-level constants as `override_settings()` won't work on such values since they are only evaluated the first time the module is imported.

You can also simulate the absence of a setting by deleting it after settings have been overridden, like this:

    @override_settings()
    def test_something(self):
        del settings.LOGIN_URL
        ...

When overriding settings, make sure to handle the cases in which your app's code uses a cache or similar feature that retains state even if the setting is changed. Django provides the `django.test.signals.setting_changed` signal that lets you register callbacks to clean up and otherwise reset state when settings are changed.

Django itu sendiri menggunakan sinyal ini untuk menyetel kembali beragam data:

Pengaturan ditimpa | Setel kembali data
--- | ---
USE_TZ, TIME_ZONE | Zona waktu basisdata
TEMPLATES | Mesin cetakan
SERIALIZATION_MODULES | Serializers cache
LOCALE_PATHS, LANGUAGE_CODE | Terjemahan awalan dan terjemahan dimuat
MEDIA_ROOT, DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE | Penyimpanan berkas awal

### Emptying the test outbox

If you use any of Django's custom `TestCase` classes, the test runner will clear the contents of the test email outbox at the start of each test case.

Untuk lebih rincian pada layanan surel selama percobaan, lihat Email services dibawah.

### Penegasan

As Python's normal `unittest.TestCase` class implements assertion methods such as `assertTrue()` and `assertEqual()`, Django's custom `TestCase` class provides a number of custom assertion methods that are useful for testing Web applications:

The failure messages given by most of these assertion methods can be customized with the `msg_prefix` argument. This string will be prefixed to any failure message generated by the assertion. This allows you to provide additional details that may help you to identify the location and cause of a failure in your test suite.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertRaisesMessage`(expected_exception, expected_message, callable, *args, **kwargs)
`SimpleTestCase.``assertRaisesMessage`(expected_exception, expected_message)

  Asserts that execution of `callable` raises `expected_exception` and that `expected_message` is found in the exception's message. Any other outcome is reported as a failure. It's a simpler version of `unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex()` with the difference that `expected_message` isn't treated as a regular expression.

  Jika hanya parameter `expected_exception` dan `expected_message` diberikan, mengembalikan sebuah pengelola konteks sehingga kode sedang dicobakan dapat ditulir berderet daripada sebagai sebuah fungsi:

      with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'invalid literal for int()'):
          int('a')

`SimpleTestCase.``assertFieldOutput`(fieldclass, valid, invalid, field_args=None, field_kwargs=None, empty_value='')

  Asserts that a form field behaves correctly with various inputs.

  Parameter: | fieldclass -- kelas dari bidang yang akan dicoba. valid -- a dictionary mapping valid inputs to their expected cleaned values. invalid -- a dictionary mapping invalid inputs to one or more raised error messages. field_args -- the args passed to instantiate the field. field_kwargs -- the kwargs passed to instantiate the field. empty_value -- keluaran bersih diharapkan untuk masukan dalam `empty_values`.

  For example, the following code tests that an `EmailField` accepts `a@a.com` as a valid email address, but rejects `aaa` with a reasonable error message:

      self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': ['Enter a valid email address.']})

`SimpleTestCase.``assertFormError`(response, form, field, errors, msg_prefix='')

  Asserts that a field on a form raises the provided list of errors when rendered on the form.

  `form` adalah nama instance `Form` telah diberikan dalam konteks cetakan.

  `field` is the name of the field on the form to check. If `field` has a value of `None`, non-field errors (errors you can access via `form.non_field_errors()`) will be checked.

  `errors` is an error string, or a list of error strings, that are expected as a result of form validation.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertFormsetError`(response, formset, form_index, field, errors, msg_prefix='')

  Asserts that the `formset` raises the provided list of errors when rendered.

  `formset` is the name the `Formset` instance was given in the template context.

  `form_index` is the number of the form within the `Formset`. If `form_index` has a value of `None`, non-form errors (errors you can access via `formset.non_form_errors()`) will be checked.

  `field` is the name of the field on the form to check. If `field` has a value of `None`, non-field errors (errors you can access via `form.non_field_errors()`) will be checked.

  `errors` is an error string, or a list of error strings, that are expected as a result of form validation.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertContains`(response, text, count=None, status_code=200, msg_prefix='', html=False)

  Asserts that a `Response` instance produced the given `status_code` and that `text` appears in the content of the response. If `count` is provided, `text` must occur exactly `count` times in the response.

  Setel `html` menjadi `True` untuk menangani `text` sebagai HTML. Perbandingan dengan tanggapan isi akan berdasarkan pada semantik HTML dari kesetaraan karakter-demi-karakter. Ruang kosong adalah diabaikan pada banyak kasus, urutan atribut tidak signifikan. Lihat `assertHTMLEqual()` untuk rincian lebih.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertNotContains`(response, text, status_code=200, msg_prefix='', html=False)

  Tegaskan bahwa instance `Response` menghasilkan `status_code` dan `text` itu diberikan tidak muncul dalam isi dari tanggapan.

  Setel `html` menjadi `True` untuk menangani `text` sebagai HTML. Perbandingan dengan tanggapan isi akan berdasarkan pada semantik HTML dari kesetaraan karakter-demi-karakter. Ruang kosong adalah diabaikan pada banyak kasus, urutan atribut tidak signifikan. Lihat `assertHTMLEqual()` untuk rincian lebih.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertTemplateUsed`(response, template_name, msg_prefix='', count=None)

  Tegaskan bahwa cetakan dengan nama diberikan digunakan dalam membangun tanggapan.

  Nama adalah sebuah string seperti `'admin/index.html'`.

  Argumen hitung adalah sebuah integer menunjukkan sejumlah kali cetakan harus dibangun. Awalan adalah `None`, berarti bahwa cetakan harus dikirim satu atau beberapa kali.

  Anda dapat menggunakan ini sebagai pengelola konteks, seperti ini:

      with self.assertTemplateUsed('index.html'):
          render_to_string('index.html')
      with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name='index.html'):
          render_to_string('index.html')

`SimpleTestCase.``assertTemplateNotUsed`(response, template_name, msg_prefix='')

  Tegaskan bahwa cetakan dengan nama diberikan tidak digunakan dalam membangun tanggapan.

  Anda dapat menggunakan ini sebagai pengelola konteks dalam cara sama seperti `assertTemplateUsed()`.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertRedirects`(response, expected_url, status_code=302, target_status_code=200, msg_prefix='', fetch_redirect_response=True)

  Tegaskan bahwa tanggapan mengembalikan keadaan pengalihan `status_code`, dialihkan ke `expected_url` (termasuk data `GET` apapun), dan bahwa halaman akhir telah diterima dengan `target_status_code`.

  Jika permintaan anda menggunakan argumen `follow`, `expected_url` dan `target_status_code` akan berupa url dan kode keadaan untuk titik akhir dari rantai pengalihan.

  Jika `fetch_redirect_response` adalah `False`, halaman akhir tidak akan dimuat. Sejak klien percobaan tidak dapat mengambil URL luar, ini khususnya berguna jika `expected_url` bukan bagian dari aplikasi Django anda.

  Skema ditangani dengan benar ketika membuat perbandingan diantara dua URL. Jika tidak ada skema apapun ditentukan dalam tempat dimana kami mengalihkan, skema permintaan asli digunakan. Jika hadir, skema dalam `expected_url` adalah satu digunakan untuk membuat perbandingan.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertHTMLEqual`(html1, html2, msg=None)

  Tegaskan bahwa string `html1` dan `html2` adalah sama. Perbandingan berdasarkan pada semantik HTML. Perbandingan mengambil hal-hal berikut kedalam akun:

  - Ruang kosong sebelum dan setelah etiket HTML diabaikan.
  - Semua jenis ruang kosong dianggap setara.
  - Semua etiket buka ditutup mutlak, yaitu ketika sekeliling etiket ditutup atau dokumen HTML berakhir.
  - Etiket kosong adalah setara pada versi penutupan-sendiri mereka.
  - Urutan dari atribut-atribut dari sebuah unsur HTML tidak signifikan.
  - Atribut-atribut tanpa sebuah argumen adalah sama pada atribut-atribut yang sama dalam nama dan nilai (lihat contoh-contoh).

  Contoh-contoh berikut adalah percobaan sah dan tidak memunculkan `AssertionError` apapun:

      self.assertHTMLEqual(
          '<p>Hello <b>world!</p>',
          '''<p>
              Hello   <b>world! <b/>
          </p>'''
      )
      self.assertHTMLEqual(
          '<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" id="id_accept_terms" />',
          '<input id="id_accept_terms" type="checkbox" checked>'
      )

  `html1` dan `html2` harus berupa HTML sah. Sebuah `AssertionError` akan dumunculkan jika satu dari mereka tidak dapat diuraikan.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertHTMLNotEqual`(html1, html2, msg=None)

  Tegaskan bahwa string `html1` dan `html2` tidak sama. Perbandingan berdasarkan pada semantik HTML. Lihat `assertHTMLEqual()` untuk rincian.

  `html1` dan `html2` harus berupa HTML sah. Sebuah `AssertionError` akan dumunculkan jika satu dari mereka tidak dapat diuraikan.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertXMLEqual`(xml1, xml2, msg=None)

  Tegaskan bahwa string `xml1` dan `xml2` adalah sama. Perbandingan berdasarkan pada semantik XML. Mirip pada `assertXMLEqual()`, perbandingan dibuat pada isi diurai, dengan demikian hanya perbedaan semantik dipertimbangkan, bukan perbedaan sintaksis. Ketika XML tidak sah dilewatkan dalam parameter apapun, sebuah `AssertionError` selalu dimunculkan, bahkan jika kedua string adalah mirip.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertXMLNotEqual`(xml1, xml2, msg=None)

  Tegaskan bahwa string `xml1` dan `xml2` adalah tidak sama. Perbandingan berdasarkan pada semantik XML. Lihat `assertXMLEqual()` untuk rincian.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertInHTML`(needle, haystack, count=None, msg_prefix='')

  Tegaskan bahwa bagian HTML `needle` dikandung dalam satu di `haystack`.

  Jika argumen integer `count` ditentukan, kemudian tambahannya sejumlah dari kejadian `needle` akan diperiksa secara ketat.

  Ruang kosong di banyak kasus diabaikan, dan urutan atribut tidak signifikan. Argumen berlalu harus HTML yang sah.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertJSONEqual`(raw, expected_data, msg=None)

  Menegaskan bahwa fragmen JSON `raw` dan `expected_data` adalah setara. Aturan ruang kosong bukan-signifikan JSON biasa berlaku sebagai kelas berat dilimpahkan ke pustaka `json`.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`SimpleTestCase.``assertJSONNotEqual`(raw, expected_data, msg=None)

  Asserts that the JSON fragments `raw` and `expected_data` are not equal. See `assertJSONEqual()` for further details.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`TransactionTestCase.``assertQuerysetEqual`(qs, values, transform=repr, ordered=True, msg=None)

  Tegaskan bahwa sebuah queryset `qs` mengembalikan daftar tertentu dari nilai `values`.

  The comparison of the contents of `qs` and `values` is performed using the function `transform`; by default, this means that the `repr()` of each value is compared. Any other callable can be used if `repr()` doesn't provide a unique or helpful comparison.

  By default, the comparison is also ordering dependent. If `qs` doesn't provide an implicit ordering, you can set the `ordered` parameter to `False`, which turns the comparison into a `collections.Counter` comparison. If the order is undefined (if the given `qs` isn't ordered and the comparison is against more than one ordered values), a `ValueError` is raised.

  Keluaran dalam rangka kesalahan dapat disesuaikan dengan argumen `msg`.

`TransactionTestCase.``assertNumQueries`(num, func, *args, **kwargs)

  Tegaskan itu ketika `func` dipanggil dengan `*args` dan `**kwargs` yang permintaan basisdata `num` dijalankan.

  If a `"using"` key is present in `kwargs` it is used as the database alias for which to check the number of queries. If you wish to call a function with a `using` parameter you can do it by wrapping the call with a `lambda` to add an extra parameter:

      self.assertNumQueries(7, lambda: my_function(using=7))

  Anda dapat juga menggunakan ini sebagai pengelola konteks:

      with self.assertNumQueries(2):
          Person.objects.create(name="Aaron")
          Person.objects.create(name="Daniel")

### Percobaan etiket

Anda dapat mengetiket percobaan anda sehingga anda dapat dengan mudah menjalankan subset tertentu. Sebagai contoh, anda mungkin melabeli percobaan cepat atau lambat:

    from django.test import tag

    class SampleTestCase(TestCase):

        @tag('fast')
        def test_fast(self):
            ...

        @tag('slow')
        def test_slow(self):
            ...

        @tag('slow', 'core')
        def test_slow_but_core(self):
            ...

Anda dapat juga mengetiket sebuah kasus percobaan:

    @tag('slow', 'core')
    class SampleTestCase(TestCase):
        ...

Kemudian anda dapat memilih percobaan mana dijalankan. Sebagai contoh, untuk hanya menjalankan percobaan cepat:

    $ ./manage.py test --tag=fast

Atau untuk menjalankan percobaan cepat dan satu ini (bahkan meskipun itu lambat):

    $ ./manage.py test --tag=fast --tag=core

Anda dapat juga tidak menyertakan percobaan dengan etiket. Untuk menjalankan percobaan inti jika mereka tidak lambat:

    $ ./manage.py test --tag=core --exclude-tag=slow

`test --exclude-tag` has precedence over `test --tag`, so if a test has two tags and you select one of them and exclude the other, the test won't be run.

## Layanan surel

If any of your Django views send email using Django's email functionality, you probably don't want to send email each time you run a test using that view. For this reason, Django's test runner automatically redirects all Django-sent email to a dummy outbox. This lets you test every aspect of sending email -- from the number of messages sent to the contents of each message -- without actually sending the messages.

The test runner accomplishes this by transparently replacing the normal email backend with a testing backend. (Don't worry -- this has no effect on any other email senders outside of Django, such as your machine's mail server, if you're running one.)

`django.core.mail.``outbox`

During test running, each outgoing email is saved in `django.core.mail.outbox`. This is a simple list of all `EmailMessage` instances that have been sent. The `outbox` attribute is a special attribute that is created only when the `locmem` email backend is used. It doesn't normally exist as part of the `django.core.mail` module and you can't import it directly. The code below shows how to access this attribute correctly.

Ini adalah sebuah contoh percobaan yang menguji `django.core.mail.outbox` untuk panjang dan isi:

    from django.core import mail
    from django.test import TestCase

    class EmailTest(TestCase):
        def test_send_email(self):
            # Send message.
            mail.send_mail(
                'Subject here', 'Here is the message.',
                'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
                fail_silently=False,
            )

            # Test that one message has been sent.
            self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)

            # Verify that the subject of the first message is correct.
            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Subject here')

As noted previously, the test outbox is emptied at the start of every test in a Django `*TestCase`. To empty the outbox manually, assign the empty list to `mail.outbox`:

    from django.core import mail

    # Empty the test outbox
    mail.outbox = []

## Pengelolaan perintah

Perintah pengelolaan dapat dicobakan dengan fungsi `call_command()`. Keluaran dapat dialihkan kedalam instance `StringIO`

    from io import StringIO
    from django.core.management import call_command
    from django.test import TestCase

    class ClosepollTest(TestCase):
        def test_command_output(self):
            out = StringIO()
            call_command('closepoll', stdout=out)
            self.assertIn('Expected output', out.getvalue())

## Melewati percobaan

The unittest library provides the `@skipIf` and `@skipUnless` decorators to allow you to skip tests if you know ahead of time that those tests are going to fail under certain conditions.

For example, if your test requires a particular optional library in order to succeed, you could decorate the test case with `@skipIf`. Then, the test runner will report that the test wasn't executed and why, instead of failing the test or omitting the test altogether.

Untuk melengkapi perilaku melewati percobaan ini, Django menyediakan dua tambahan penghias melewatkan. Daripada mencoba boolean umum, penghias ini memeriksa kemampuan dari basisdata, dan melewati percobaan jika basisdata tidak mendukung fitur bernama khusus.

The decorators use a string identifier to describe database features. This string corresponds to attributes of the database connection features class. See `django.db.backends.BaseDatabaseFeatures` class for a full list of database features that can be used as a basis for skipping tests.

`skipIfDBFeature`(*feature_name_strings)

Skip the decorated test or `TestCase` if all of the named database features are supported.

Sebagai contoh, percobaan berikut tidak akan dijalankan jika transaksi dukungan basisdata (sebagai contoh, dia tidak akan berjalan dibawah PostgreSQL, tetapi dia dibawah MySQL dengan tabel MyISAM):

    class MyTests(TestCase):
        @skipIfDBFeature('supports_transactions')
        def test_transaction_behavior(self):
            # ... conditional test code
            pass

`skipUnlessDBFeature`(*feature_name_strings)

Lewati percobaan penghias atau `TestCase` jika salah satu dari fitur basisdata bernama tidak didukung.

Sebagai contoh, percobaan berikut hanya akan dijalankan jika transaksi dukungan basisdata (sebagai contoh, dia akan berjalan dibawah PostgreSQL, tetapi bukan dibawah MySQL dengan tabel MyISAM):

    class MyTests(TestCase):
        @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
        def test_transaction_behavior(self):
            # ... conditional test code
            pass