# Django 2.1.8.dev20190330215650 documentation

# Model `_meta` API

class `Options`

The model `_meta` API is at the core of the Django ORM. It enables other parts of the system such as lookups, queries, forms, and the admin to understand the capabilities of each model. The API is accessible through the `_meta` attribute of each model class, which is an instance of an `django.db.models.options.Options` object.

Methods that it provides can be used to:

- Retrieve all field instances of a model
- Retrieve a single field instance of a model by name

## Field access API

### Retrieving a single field instance of a model by name

`Options.``get_field`(field_name)

  Returns the field instance given a name of a field.

  `field_name` can be the name of a field on the model, a field on an abstract or inherited model, or a field defined on another model that points to the model. In the latter case, the `field_name` will be (in order of preference) the `related_query_name` set by the user, the `related_name` set by the user, or the name automatically generated by Django.

  `Hidden fields` cannot be retrieved by name.

  If a field with the given name is not found a `FieldDoesNotExist` exception will be raised.

      >>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User

      # A field on the model
      >>> User._meta.get_field('username')
      <django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>

      # A field from another model that has a relation with the current model
      >>> User._meta.get_field('logentry')
      <ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>

      # A non existent field
      >>> User._meta.get_field('does_not_exist')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
      FieldDoesNotExist: User has no field named 'does_not_exist'

### Retrieving all field instances of a model

`Options.``get_fields`(include_parents=True, include_hidden=False)

  Returns a tuple of fields associated with a model. `get_fields()` accepts two parameters that can be used to control which fields are returned:

  `include_parents`
    `True` by default. Recursively includes fields defined on parent classes. If set to `False`, `get_fields()` will only search for fields declared directly on the current model. Fields from models that directly inherit from abstract models or proxy classes are considered to be local, not on the parent.
  `include_hidden`
    `False` by default. If set to `True`, `get_fields()` will include fields that are used to back other field's functionality. This will also include any fields that have a `related_name` (such as `ManyToManyField`, or `ForeignKey`) that start with a "+".

      >>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
      >>> User._meta.get_fields()
      (<ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>,
       <django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: password>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: last_login>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_superuser>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: first_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: last_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.EmailField: email>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_staff>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_active>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: date_joined>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: groups>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: user_permissions>)

      # Also include hidden fields.
      >>> User._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
      (<ManyToOneRel: auth.user_groups>,
       <ManyToOneRel: auth.user_user_permissions>,
       <ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>,
       <django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: password>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: last_login>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_superuser>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: first_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: last_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.EmailField: email>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_staff>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_active>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: date_joined>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: groups>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: user_permissions>)

## Migrating from the old API

As part of the formalization of the `Model._meta` API (from the `django.db.models.options.Options` class), a number of methods and properties have been deprecated and will be removed in Django 1.10.

These old APIs can be replicated by either:

- invoking `Options.get_field()`, or;
- invoking `Options.get_fields()` to retrieve a list of all fields, and then filtering this list using the field attributes that describe (or retrieve, in the case of `_with_model` variants) the properties of the desired fields.

Although it's possible to make strictly equivalent replacements of the old methods, that might not be the best approach. Taking the time to refactor any field loops to make better use of the new API - and possibly include fields that were previously excluded - will almost certainly result in better code.

Assuming you have a model named `MyModel`, the following substitutions can be made to convert your code to the new API:

- `MyModel._meta.get_field(name)` becomes:

      f = MyModel._meta.get_field(name)

  then check if:

  - `f.auto_created == False`, because the new `get_field()` API will find "reverse" relations, and:
  - `f.is_relation and f.related_model is None`, because the new `get_field()` API will find `GenericForeignKey` relations.

- `MyModel._meta.get_field_by_name(name)` returns a tuple of these four values with the following replacements:

  - `field` can be found by `MyModel._meta.get_field(name)`

  - `model` can be found through the `model` attribute on the field.

  - `direct` can be found by: `not field.auto_created or field.concrete`

    The `auto_created` check excludes all "forward" and "reverse" relations that are created by Django, but this also includes `AutoField` and `OneToOneField` on proxy models. We avoid filtering out these attributes using the `concrete` attribute.

  - `m2m` can be found through the `many_to_many` attribute on the field.

- `MyModel._meta.get_fields_with_model()` becomes:

      [
          (f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
          for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
          if not f.is_relation
              or f.one_to_one
              or (f.many_to_one and f.related_model)
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_concrete_fields_with_model()` becomes:

      [
          (f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
          for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
          if f.concrete and (
              not f.is_relation
              or f.one_to_one
              or (f.many_to_one and f.related_model)
          )
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_m2m_with_model()` becomes:

      [
          (f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
          for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
          if f.many_to_many and not f.auto_created
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_all_related_objects()` becomes:

      [
          f for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
          if (f.one_to_many or f.one_to_one)
          and f.auto_created and not f.concrete
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_all_related_objects_with_model()` becomes:

      [
          (f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
          for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
          if (f.one_to_many or f.one_to_one)
          and f.auto_created and not f.concrete
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_all_related_many_to_many_objects()` becomes:

      [
          f for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
          if f.many_to_many and f.auto_created
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_all_related_m2m_objects_with_model()` becomes:

      [
          (f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
          for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
          if f.many_to_many and f.auto_created
      ]

- `MyModel._meta.get_all_field_names()` becomes:

      from itertools import chain
      list(set(chain.from_iterable(
          (field.name, field.attname) if hasattr(field, 'attname') else (field.name,)
          for field in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
          # For complete backwards compatibility, you may want to exclude
          # GenericForeignKey from the results.
          if not (field.many_to_one and field.related_model is None)
      )))

  This provides a 100% backwards compatible replacement, ensuring that both field names and attribute names `ForeignKey`s are included, but fields associated with `GenericForeignKey`s are not. A simpler version would be:

      [f.name for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()]

  While this isn't 100% backwards compatible, it may be sufficient in many situations.