# dokumentasi Django 2.2.9.dev20191202104323

# Tindakan Perpindahan

Perpindahan berkas-berkas disusun dari satu atau lebih `Operation`s, obyek-obyek yang secara deklaratif merekam perpindahan apa harus dilakukan ke basisdata anda.

Django also uses these `Operation` objects to work out what your models looked like historically, and to calculate what changes you've made to your models since the last migration so it can automatically write your migrations; that's why they're declarative, as it means Django can easily load them all into memory and run through them without touching the database to work out what your project should look like.

There are also more specialized `Operation` objects which are for things like data migrations and for advanced manual database manipulation. You can also write your own `Operation` classes if you want to encapsulate a custom change you commonly make.

Jika anda butuh sebuah berkas perpindahan kosong untuk menulis obyek `Operation` anda, cukup gunakan `python manage.py makemigrations --empty yourappname`, tetapi waspada bahwa secara manual menambahkan tindakan skema-perubahan dapat membingungkan pendeteksi otomatis perpindahan dan menghasilkan kdoe tidak benar keluaran djadmin:makemigrations.

Semua pekerjaan inti Django tersedia dari modul `django.db.migrations.operations`.

Untuk bahan perkenalan, lihat migrations topic guide.

## Skema Pekerjaan

### `CreateModel`

class `CreateModel`(name, fields, options=None, bases=None, managers=None)

Membuat sebuah model baru dalam riwayat proyek dan tabel berhubungan dalam basisdata untuk dicocokkan.

`name` adalah anam model, seperti akan ditulis dalam berkas the `models.py`.

`fields` is a list of 2-tuples of `(field_name, field_instance)`. The field instance should be an unbound field (so just `models.CharField(...)`, rather than a field taken from another model).

`options` adalah dictionary pilihan dari nilai dari kelas `Meta` model.

`bases` is an optional list of other classes to have this model inherit from; it can contain both class objects as well as strings in the format `"appname.ModelName"` if you want to depend on another model (so you inherit from the historical version). If it's not supplied, it defaults to just inheriting from the standard `models.Model`.

`managers` takes a list of 2-tuples of `(manager_name, manager_instance)`. The first manager in the list will be the default manager for this model during migrations.

### `DeleteModel`

class `DeleteModel`(name)

Deletes the model from the project history and its table from the database.

### `RenameModel`

class `RenameModel`(old_name, new_name)

Menamai kembali model dari nama lama ke satu yang baru.

You may have to manually add this if you change the model's name and quite a few of its fields at once; to the autodetector, this will look like you deleted a model with the old name and added a new one with a different name, and the migration it creates will lose any data in the old table.

### `AlterModelTable`

class `AlterModelTable`(name, table)

Changes the model's table name (the `db_table` option on the `Meta` subclass).

### `AlterUniqueTogether`

class `AlterUniqueTogether`(name, unique_together)

Rubah kumpulan model dari batasan unik (pilihan `unique_together` pada subkelas ``Meta`').

### `AlterIndexTogether`

class `AlterIndexTogether`(name, index_together)

Changes the model's set of custom indexes (the `index_together` option on the `Meta` subclass).

### `AlterOrderWithRespectTo`

class `AlterOrderWithRespectTo`(name, order_with_respect_to)

Membuat atau menghapus kolom `_order` untuk pilihan `order_with_respect_to` pada subkelas `Meta`.

### `AlterModelOptions`

class `AlterModelOptions`(name, options)

Menyimpan perubahan bermacam-macam pilihan model (pengaturan pada `Meta` model) seperti `permissions` dan `verbose_name`. Tidak mempengaruhi basisdata, tetapi tetap ada perubahan ini untuk contoh `RunPython` digunakan. `options` harus berupa pilihan pemetaan dictionary pada nilai.

### `AlterModelManagers`

class `AlterModelManagers`(name, managers)

Merubah pengelola yang tersedia selama perpindahan.

### `AddField`

class `AddField`(model_name, name, field, preserve_default=True)

Tambah sebuah bidang pada model. `model_name` adalah nama model, `name` adalah nama bidang, dan `field` adalah contoh Bidang tidak berbatas (hal anda akan taruh dalam pernyataan bidang dalam `models.py` - sebagai contoh, `models.IntegerField(null=True)`.

The `preserve_default` argument indicates whether the field's default value is permanent and should be baked into the project state (`True`), or if it is temporary and just for this migration (`False`) - usually because the migration is adding a non-nullable field to a table and needs a default value to put into existing rows. It does not affect the behavior of setting defaults in the database directly - Django never sets database defaults and always applies them in the Django ORM code.

Peringatan

On older databases, adding a field with a default value may cause a full rewrite of the table. This happens even for nullable fields and may have a negative performance impact. To avoid that, the following steps should be taken.

- Add the nullable field without the default value and run the `makemigrations` command. This should generate a migration with an `AddField` operation.
- Add the default value to your field and run the `makemigrations` command. This should generate a migration with an `AlterField` operation.

### `RemoveField`

class `RemoveField`(model_name, name)

Memindahkan sebuah bidang dari sebuah model.

Bear in mind that when reversed, this is actually adding a field to a model. The operation is reversible (apart from any data loss, which of course is irreversible) if the field is nullable or if it has a default value that can be used to populate the recreated column. If the field is not nullable and does not have a default value, the operation is irreversible.

### `AlterField`

class `AlterField`(model_name, name, field, preserve_default=True)

Merubah pengertian bidang, termasuk perubahan ke jenisnya, `null`, `unique`, `db_column` dan atribut bidang lain.

Argumen `preserve_default` menunjukkan apakah nilai awalan bidang adalah tetap dan harus dibakar kedalam keadaan proyek (`True`), atau jika itu adalah sementara dan hanya untuk perpindahan ini (`False`) - biasanya karena perpindahan merubah satu bidang null menjadi sebuah bukan-null dan butuh nilai awalan untuk menaruh kedalam baris yang ada. Itu tidak mempengaruhi perilaku dari awalan pengaturan dalam basisdata secara langsung - Django tidak pernah menyetel awalan basisdata dan selalu memberlakukan mereka dalam kode ORM Django.

Note that not all changes are possible on all databases - for example, you cannot change a text-type field like `models.TextField()` into a number-type field like `models.IntegerField()` on most databases.

### `RenameField`

class `RenameField`(model_name, old_name, new_name)

Changes a field's name (and, unless `db_column` is set, its column name).

### `AddIndex`

class `AddIndex`(model_name, index)

Creates an index in the database table for the model with `model_name`. `index` is an instance of the `Index` class.

### `RemoveIndex`

class `RemoveIndex`(model_name, name)

Memindahkan indeks bernama `name` dari model dengan `model_name`.

### `AddConstraint`

class `AddConstraint`(model_name, constraint)

New in Django 2.2.

Creates a constraint in the database table for the model with `model_name`.

### `RemoveConstraint`

class `RemoveConstraint`(model_name, name)

New in Django 2.2.

Removes the constraint named `name` from the model with `model_name`.

## Pekerjaan Khusus

### `RunSQL`

class `RunSQL`(sql, reverse_sql=None, state_operations=None, hints=None, elidable=False)

Allows running of arbitrary SQL on the database - useful for more advanced features of database backends that Django doesn't support directly, like partial indexes.

`sql`, and `reverse_sql` if provided, should be strings of SQL to run on the database. On most database backends (all but PostgreSQL), Django will split the SQL into individual statements prior to executing them.

You can also pass a list of strings or 2-tuples. The latter is used for passing queries and parameters in the same way as cursor.execute(). These three operations are equivalent:

    migrations.RunSQL("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES ('Reinhardt');")
    migrations.RunSQL([("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES ('Reinhardt');", None)])
    migrations.RunSQL([("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES (%s);", ['Reinhardt'])])

If you want to include literal percent signs in the query, you have to double them if you are passing parameters.

The `reverse_sql` queries are executed when the migration is unapplied, so you can reverse the changes done in the forwards queries:

    migrations.RunSQL(
        [("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES (%s);", ['Reinhardt'])],
        [("DELETE FROM musician where name=%s;", ['Reinhardt'])],
    )

The `state_operations` argument is so you can supply operations that are equivalent to the SQL in terms of project state; for example, if you are manually creating a column, you should pass in a list containing an `AddField` operation here so that the autodetector still has an up-to-date state of the model (otherwise, when you next run `makemigrations`, it won't see any operation that adds that field and so will try to run it again). For example:

    migrations.RunSQL(
        "ALTER TABLE musician ADD COLUMN name varchar(255) NOT NULL;",
        state_operations=[
            migrations.AddField(
                'musician',
                'name',
                models.CharField(max_length=255),
            ),
        ],
    )

The optional `hints` argument will be passed as `**hints` to the `allow_migrate()` method of database routers to assist them in making routing decisions. See Petunjuk for more details on database hints.

The optional `elidable` argument determines whether or not the operation will be removed (elided) when squashing migrations.

`RunSQL.``noop`

  Pass the `RunSQL.noop` attribute to `sql` or `reverse_sql` when you want the operation not to do anything in the given direction. This is especially useful in making the operation reversible.

### `RunPython`

class `RunPython`(code, reverse_code=None, atomic=None, hints=None, elidable=False)

Jalankan penyesuaian kode Python dalam konteks riwayat. `code` (dan `reverse_code` jika diberikan) harus berupa obyek callable yang menerima dua argumen; pertama adalah sebuah instance dari `django.apps.registry.Apps` mengandung model riwayat yang cocok tempat tindakan di riwayat proyek, dan kedua adalah sebuah instance dari `SchemaEditor`.

The `reverse_code` argument is called when unapplying migrations. This callable should undo what is done in the `code` callable so that the migration is reversible.

The optional `hints` argument will be passed as `**hints` to the `allow_migrate()` method of database routers to assist them in making a routing decision. See Petunjuk for more details on database hints.

The optional `elidable` argument determines whether or not the operation will be removed (elided) when squashing migrations.

You are advised to write the code as a separate function above the `Migration` class in the migration file, and just pass it to `RunPython`. Here's an example of using `RunPython` to create some initial objects on a `Country` model:

    from django.db import migrations

    def forwards_func(apps, schema_editor):
        # We get the model from the versioned app registry;
        # if we directly import it, it'll be the wrong version
        Country = apps.get_model("myapp", "Country")
        db_alias = schema_editor.connection.alias
        Country.objects.using(db_alias).bulk_create([
            Country(name="USA", code="us"),
            Country(name="France", code="fr"),
        ])

    def reverse_func(apps, schema_editor):
        # forwards_func() creates two Country instances,
        # so reverse_func() should delete them.
        Country = apps.get_model("myapp", "Country")
        db_alias = schema_editor.connection.alias
        Country.objects.using(db_alias).filter(name="USA", code="us").delete()
        Country.objects.using(db_alias).filter(name="France", code="fr").delete()

    class Migration(migrations.Migration):

        dependencies = []

        operations = [
            migrations.RunPython(forwards_func, reverse_func),
        ]

This is generally the operation you would use to create data migrations, run custom data updates and alterations, and anything else you need access to an ORM and/or Python code for.

If you're upgrading from South, this is basically the South pattern as an operation - one or two methods for forwards and backwards, with an ORM and schema operations available. Most of the time, you should be able to translate the `orm.Model` or `orm["appname", "Model"]` references from South directly into `apps.get_model("appname", "Model")` references here and leave most of the rest of the code unchanged for data migrations. However, `apps` will only have references to models in the current app unless migrations in other apps are added to the migration's dependencies.

Much like `RunSQL`, ensure that if you change schema inside here you're either doing it outside the scope of the Django model system (e.g. triggers) or that you use `SeparateDatabaseAndState` to add in operations that will reflect your changes to the model state - otherwise, the versioned ORM and the autodetector will stop working correctly.

By default, `RunPython` will run its contents inside a transaction on databases that do not support DDL transactions (for example, MySQL and Oracle). This should be safe, but may cause a crash if you attempt to use the `schema_editor` provided on these backends; in this case, pass `atomic=False` to the `RunPython` operation.

On databases that do support DDL transactions (SQLite and PostgreSQL), `RunPython` operations do not have any transactions automatically added besides the transactions created for each migration. Thus, on PostgreSQL, for example, you should avoid combining schema changes and `RunPython` operations in the same migration or you may hit errors like `OperationalError: cannot ALTER TABLE "mytable" because it has pending trigger events`.

If you have a different database and aren't sure if it supports DDL transactions, check the `django.db.connection.features.can_rollback_ddl` attribute.

If the `RunPython` operation is part of a non-atomic migration, the operation will only be executed in a transaction if `atomic=True` is passed to the `RunPython` operation.

Peringatan

`RunPython` does not magically alter the connection of the models for you; any model methods you call will go to the default database unless you give them the current database alias (available from `schema_editor.connection.alias`, where `schema_editor` is the second argument to your function).

static `RunPython.``noop`()

  Pass the `RunPython.noop` method to `code` or `reverse_code` when you want the operation not to do anything in the given direction. This is especially useful in making the operation reversible.

### `SeparateDatabaseAndState`

class `SeparateDatabaseAndState`(database_operations=None, state_operations=None)

A highly specialized operation that let you mix and match the database (schema-changing) and state (autodetector-powering) aspects of operations.

It accepts two lists of operations, and when asked to apply state will use the state list, and when asked to apply changes to the database will use the database list. Do not use this operation unless you're very sure you know what you're doing.

## Menulis punya anda sendiri

Operations have a relatively simple API, and they're designed so that you can easily write your own to supplement the built-in Django ones. The basic structure of an `Operation` looks like this:

    from django.db.migrations.operations.base import Operation

    class MyCustomOperation(Operation):

        # If this is False, it means that this operation will be ignored by
        # sqlmigrate; if true, it will be run and the SQL collected for its output.
        reduces_to_sql = False

        # If this is False, Django will refuse to reverse past this operation.
        reversible = False

        def __init__(self, arg1, arg2):
            # Operations are usually instantiated with arguments in migration
            # files. Store the values of them on self for later use.
            pass

        def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
            # The Operation should take the 'state' parameter (an instance of
            # django.db.migrations.state.ProjectState) and mutate it to match
            # any schema changes that have occurred.
            pass

        def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
            # The Operation should use schema_editor to apply any changes it
            # wants to make to the database.
            pass

        def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
            # If reversible is True, this is called when the operation is reversed.
            pass

        def describe(self):
            # This is used to describe what the operation does in console output.
            return "Custom Operation"

You can take this template and work from it, though we suggest looking at the built-in Django operations in `django.db.migrations.operations` - they're easy to read and cover a lot of the example usage of semi-internal aspects of the migration framework like `ProjectState` and the patterns used to get historical models, as well as `ModelState` and the patterns used to mutate historical models in `state_forwards()`.

Beberapa hal untuk dicatat:

- Anda tidak butuh mempelajari terlalu banyak mengenai `ProjectState` untukcukup menulis perpindahan sederhana; cukup diketahui bahwa itu mempunyai sebuah sifat `apps` yang memberikan akses ke sebuah registrar aplikasi (yang anda dapat kemudian memanggil `get_model`).

- `database_forwards` and `database_backwards` both get two states passed to them; these just represent the difference the `state_forwards` method would have applied, but are given to you for convenience and speed reasons.

- If you want to work with model classes or model instances from the `from_state` argument in `database_forwards()` or `database_backwards()`, you must render model states using the `clear_delayed_apps_cache()` method to make related models available:

      def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
          # This operation should have access to all models. Ensure that all models are
          # reloaded in case any are delayed.
          from_state.clear_delayed_apps_cache()
          ...

- `to_state` in the database_backwards method is the older state; that is, the one that will be the current state once the migration has finished reversing.

- You might see implementations of `references_model` on the built-in operations; this is part of the autodetection code and does not matter for custom operations.

Peringatan

For performance reasons, the `Field` instances in `ModelState.fields` are reused across migrations. You must never change the attributes on these instances. If you need to mutate a field in `state_forwards()`, you must remove the old instance from `ModelState.fields` and add a new instance in its place. The same is true for the `Manager` instances in `ModelState.managers`.

As a simple example, let's make an operation that loads PostgreSQL extensions (which contain some of PostgreSQL's more exciting features). It's simple enough; there's no model state changes, and all it does is run one command:

    from django.db.migrations.operations.base import Operation

    class LoadExtension(Operation):

        reversible = True

        def __init__(self, name):
            self.name = name

        def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
            pass

        def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
            schema_editor.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s" % self.name)

        def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
            schema_editor.execute("DROP EXTENSION %s" % self.name)

        def describe(self):
            return "Creates extension %s" % self.name