# Django 5.2 documentation

# Source code for django.utils.html

    """HTML utilities suitable for global use."""

    import html
    import json
    import re
    import warnings
    from collections.abc import Mapping
    from html.parser import HTMLParser
    from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, quote, unquote, urlencode, urlsplit, urlunsplit

    from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousOperation, ValidationError
    from django.core.validators import EmailValidator
    from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango60Warning
    from django.utils.functional import Promise, cached_property, keep_lazy, keep_lazy_text
    from django.utils.http import MAX_URL_LENGTH, RFC3986_GENDELIMS, RFC3986_SUBDELIMS
    from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
    from django.utils.safestring import SafeData, SafeString, mark_safe
    from django.utils.text import normalize_newlines

    # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#void-elements
    VOID_ELEMENTS = frozenset(
        (
            "area",
            "base",
            "br",
            "col",
            "embed",
            "hr",
            "img",
            "input",
            "link",
            "meta",
            "param",
            "source",
            "track",
            "wbr",
            # Deprecated tags.
            "frame",
            "spacer",
        )
    )

    MAX_STRIP_TAGS_DEPTH = 50

    @keep_lazy(SafeString)
    def escape(text):
        """
        Return the given text with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded
        for use in HTML.

        Always escape input, even if it's already escaped and marked as such.
        This may result in double-escaping. If this is a concern, use
        conditional_escape() instead.
        """
        return SafeString(html.escape(str(text)))

    _js_escapes = {
        ord("\\"): "\\u005C",
        ord("'"): "\\u0027",
        ord('"'): "\\u0022",
        ord(">"): "\\u003E",
        ord("<"): "\\u003C",
        ord("&"): "\\u0026",
        ord("="): "\\u003D",
        ord("-"): "\\u002D",
        ord(";"): "\\u003B",
        ord("`"): "\\u0060",
        ord("\u2028"): "\\u2028",
        ord("\u2029"): "\\u2029",
    }

    # Escape every ASCII character with a value less than 32.
    _js_escapes.update((ord("%c" % z), "\\u%04X" % z) for z in range(32))

    @keep_lazy(SafeString)
    def escapejs(value):
        """Hex encode characters for use in JavaScript strings."""
        return mark_safe(str(value).translate(_js_escapes))

    _json_script_escapes = {
        ord(">"): "\\u003E",
        ord("<"): "\\u003C",
        ord("&"): "\\u0026",
    }

    def json_script(value, element_id=None, encoder=None):
        """
        Escape all the HTML/XML special characters with their unicode escapes, so
        value is safe to be output anywhere except for inside a tag attribute. Wrap
        the escaped JSON in a script tag.
        """
        from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder

        json_str = json.dumps(value, cls=encoder or DjangoJSONEncoder).translate(
            _json_script_escapes
        )
        if element_id:
            template = '<script id="{}" type="application/json">{}</script>'
            args = (element_id, mark_safe(json_str))
        else:
            template = '<script type="application/json">{}</script>'
            args = (mark_safe(json_str),)
        return format_html(template, *args)

    def conditional_escape(text):
        """
        Similar to escape(), except that it doesn't operate on pre-escaped strings.

        This function relies on the __html__ convention used both by Django's
        SafeData class and by third-party libraries like markupsafe.
        """
        if isinstance(text, Promise):
            text = str(text)
        if hasattr(text, "__html__"):
            return text.__html__()
        else:
            return escape(text)

    def format_html(format_string, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Similar to str.format, but pass all arguments through conditional_escape(),
        and call mark_safe() on the result. This function should be used instead
        of str.format or % interpolation to build up small HTML fragments.
        """
        if not (args or kwargs):
            # RemovedInDjango60Warning: when the deprecation ends, replace with:
            # raise TypeError("args or kwargs must be provided.")
            warnings.warn(
                "Calling format_html() without passing args or kwargs is deprecated.",
                RemovedInDjango60Warning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
        args_safe = map(conditional_escape, args)
        kwargs_safe = {k: conditional_escape(v) for (k, v) in kwargs.items()}
        return mark_safe(format_string.format(*args_safe, **kwargs_safe))

    def format_html_join(sep, format_string, args_generator):
        """
        A wrapper of format_html, for the common case of a group of arguments that
        need to be formatted using the same format string, and then joined using
        'sep'. 'sep' is also passed through conditional_escape.

        'args_generator' should be an iterator that returns the sequence of 'args'
        that will be passed to format_html.

        Example:

          format_html_join('\n', "<li>{} {}</li>", ((u.first_name, u.last_name)
                                                      for u in users))
        """
        return mark_safe(
            conditional_escape(sep).join(
                (
                    format_html(format_string, **args)
                    if isinstance(args, Mapping)
                    else format_html(format_string, *args)
                )
                for args in args_generator
            )
        )

    @keep_lazy_text
    def linebreaks(value, autoescape=False):
        """Convert newlines into <p> and <br>s."""
        value = normalize_newlines(value)
        paras = re.split("\n{2,}", str(value))
        if autoescape:
            paras = ["<p>%s</p>" % escape(p).replace("\n", "<br>") for p in paras]
        else:
            paras = ["<p>%s</p>" % p.replace("\n", "<br>") for p in paras]
        return "\n\n".join(paras)

    class MLStripper(HTMLParser):
        def __init__(self):
            super().__init__(convert_charrefs=False)
            self.reset()
            self.fed = []

        def handle_data(self, d):
            self.fed.append(d)

        def handle_entityref(self, name):
            self.fed.append("&%s;" % name)

        def handle_charref(self, name):
            self.fed.append("&#%s;" % name)

        def get_data(self):
            return "".join(self.fed)

    def _strip_once(value):
        """
        Internal tag stripping utility used by strip_tags.
        """
        s = MLStripper()
        s.feed(value)
        s.close()
        return s.get_data()

    @keep_lazy_text
    def strip_tags(value):
        """Return the given HTML with all tags stripped."""
        value = str(value)
        # Note: in typical case this loop executes _strip_once twice (the second
        # execution does not remove any more tags).
        strip_tags_depth = 0
        while "<" in value and ">" in value:
            if strip_tags_depth >= MAX_STRIP_TAGS_DEPTH:
                raise SuspiciousOperation
            new_value = _strip_once(value)
            if value.count("<") == new_value.count("<"):
                # _strip_once wasn't able to detect more tags.
                break
            value = new_value
            strip_tags_depth += 1
        return value

    @keep_lazy_text
    def strip_spaces_between_tags(value):
        """Return the given HTML with spaces between tags removed."""
        return re.sub(r">\s+<", "><", str(value))

    def smart_urlquote(url):
        """Quote a URL if it isn't already quoted."""

        def unquote_quote(segment):
            segment = unquote(segment)
            # Tilde is part of RFC 3986 Section 2.3 Unreserved Characters,
            # see also https://bugs.python.org/issue16285
            return quote(segment, safe=RFC3986_SUBDELIMS + RFC3986_GENDELIMS + "~")

        try:
            scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
        except ValueError:
            # invalid IPv6 URL (normally square brackets in hostname part).
            return unquote_quote(url)

        # Handle IDN as percent-encoded UTF-8 octets, per WHATWG URL Specification
        # section 3.5 and RFC 3986 section 3.2.2. Defer any IDNA to the user agent.
        # See #36013.
        netloc = unquote_quote(netloc)

        if query:
            # Separately unquoting key/value, so as to not mix querystring separators
            # included in query values. See #22267.
            query_parts = [
                (unquote(q[0]), unquote(q[1]))
                for q in parse_qsl(query, keep_blank_values=True)
            ]
            # urlencode will take care of quoting
            query = urlencode(query_parts)

        path = unquote_quote(path)
        fragment = unquote_quote(fragment)

        return urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment))

    class CountsDict(dict):
        def __init__(self, *args, word, **kwargs):
            super().__init__(*args, *kwargs)
            self.word = word

        def __missing__(self, key):
            self[key] = self.word.count(key)
            return self[key]

    class Urlizer:
        """
        Convert any URLs in text into clickable links.

        Work on http://, https://, www. links, and also on links ending in one of
        the original seven gTLDs (.com, .edu, .gov, .int, .mil, .net, and .org).
        Links can have trailing punctuation (periods, commas, close-parens) and
        leading punctuation (opening parens) and it'll still do the right thing.
        """

        trailing_punctuation_chars = ".,:;!"
        wrapping_punctuation = [("(", ")"), ("[", "]")]

        simple_url_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^https?://\[?\w", re.IGNORECASE)
        simple_url_2_re = _lazy_re_compile(
            r"^www\.|^(?!http)\w[^@]+\.(com|edu|gov|int|mil|net|org)($|/.*)$", re.IGNORECASE
        )
        word_split_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""([\s<>"']+)""")

        mailto_template = "mailto:{local}@{domain}"
        url_template = '<a href="{href}"{attrs}>{url}</a>'

        def __call__(self, text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False, autoescape=False):
            """
            If trim_url_limit is not None, truncate the URLs in the link text
            longer than this limit to trim_url_limit - 1 characters and append an
            ellipsis.

            If nofollow is True, give the links a rel="nofollow" attribute.

            If autoescape is True, autoescape the link text and URLs.
            """
            safe_input = isinstance(text, SafeData)

            words = self.word_split_re.split(str(text))
            local_cache = {}
            urlized_words = []
            for word in words:
                if (urlized_word := local_cache.get(word)) is None:
                    urlized_word = self.handle_word(
                        word,
                        safe_input=safe_input,
                        trim_url_limit=trim_url_limit,
                        nofollow=nofollow,
                        autoescape=autoescape,
                    )
                    local_cache[word] = urlized_word
                urlized_words.append(urlized_word)
            return "".join(urlized_words)

        def handle_word(
            self,
            word,
            *,
            safe_input,
            trim_url_limit=None,
            nofollow=False,
            autoescape=False,
        ):
            if "." in word or "@" in word or ":" in word:
                # lead: Punctuation trimmed from the beginning of the word.
                # middle: State of the word.
                # trail: Punctuation trimmed from the end of the word.
                lead, middle, trail = self.trim_punctuation(word)
                # Make URL we want to point to.
                url = None
                nofollow_attr = ' rel="nofollow"' if nofollow else ""
                if len(middle) <= MAX_URL_LENGTH and self.simple_url_re.match(middle):
                    url = smart_urlquote(html.unescape(middle))
                elif len(middle) <= MAX_URL_LENGTH and self.simple_url_2_re.match(middle):
                    url = smart_urlquote("http://%s" % html.unescape(middle))
                elif ":" not in middle and self.is_email_simple(middle):
                    local, domain = middle.rsplit("@", 1)
                    # Encode per RFC 6068 Section 2 (items 1, 4, 5). Defer any IDNA
                    # to the user agent. See #36013.
                    local = quote(local, safe="")
                    domain = quote(domain, safe="")
                    url = self.mailto_template.format(local=local, domain=domain)
                    nofollow_attr = ""
                # Make link.
                if url:
                    trimmed = self.trim_url(middle, limit=trim_url_limit)
                    if autoescape and not safe_input:
                        lead, trail = escape(lead), escape(trail)
                        trimmed = escape(trimmed)
                    middle = self.url_template.format(
                        href=escape(url),
                        attrs=nofollow_attr,
                        url=trimmed,
                    )
                    return mark_safe(f"{lead}{middle}{trail}")
                else:
                    if safe_input:
                        return mark_safe(word)
                    elif autoescape:
                        return escape(word)
            elif safe_input:
                return mark_safe(word)
            elif autoescape:
                return escape(word)
            return word

        def trim_url(self, x, *, limit):
            if limit is None or len(x) <= limit:
                return x
            return "%s…" % x[: max(0, limit - 1)]

        @cached_property
        def wrapping_punctuation_openings(self):
            return "".join(dict(self.wrapping_punctuation).keys())

        @cached_property
        def trailing_punctuation_chars_no_semicolon(self):
            return self.trailing_punctuation_chars.replace(";", "")

        @cached_property
        def trailing_punctuation_chars_has_semicolon(self):
            return ";" in self.trailing_punctuation_chars

        def trim_punctuation(self, word):
            """
            Trim trailing and wrapping punctuation from `word`. Return the items of
            the new state.
            """
            # Strip all opening wrapping punctuation.
            middle = word.lstrip(self.wrapping_punctuation_openings)
            lead = word[: len(word) - len(middle)]
            trail = ""

            # Continue trimming until middle remains unchanged.
            trimmed_something = True
            counts = CountsDict(word=middle)
            while trimmed_something and middle:
                trimmed_something = False
                # Trim wrapping punctuation.
                for opening, closing in self.wrapping_punctuation:
                    if counts[opening] < counts[closing]:
                        rstripped = middle.rstrip(closing)
                        if rstripped != middle:
                            strip = counts[closing] - counts[opening]
                            trail = middle[-strip:]
                            middle = middle[:-strip]
                            trimmed_something = True
                            counts[closing] -= strip

                amp = middle.rfind("&")
                if amp == -1:
                    rstripped = middle.rstrip(self.trailing_punctuation_chars)
                else:
                    rstripped = middle.rstrip(self.trailing_punctuation_chars_no_semicolon)
                if rstripped != middle:
                    trail = middle[len(rstripped) :] + trail
                    middle = rstripped
                    trimmed_something = True

                if self.trailing_punctuation_chars_has_semicolon and middle.endswith(";"):
                    # Only strip if not part of an HTML entity.
                    potential_entity = middle[amp:]
                    escaped = html.unescape(potential_entity)
                    if escaped == potential_entity or escaped.endswith(";"):
                        rstripped = middle.rstrip(self.trailing_punctuation_chars)
                        trail_start = len(rstripped)
                        amount_trailing_semicolons = len(middle) - len(middle.rstrip(";"))
                        if amp > -1 and amount_trailing_semicolons > 1:
                            # Leave up to most recent semicolon as might be an entity.
                            recent_semicolon = middle[trail_start:].index(";")
                            middle_semicolon_index = recent_semicolon + trail_start + 1
                            trail = middle[middle_semicolon_index:] + trail
                            middle = rstripped + middle[trail_start:middle_semicolon_index]
                        else:
                            trail = middle[trail_start:] + trail
                            middle = rstripped
                        trimmed_something = True

            return lead, middle, trail

        @staticmethod
        def is_email_simple(value):
            """Return True if value looks like an email address."""
            try:
                EmailValidator(allowlist=[])(value)
            except ValidationError:
                return False
            return True

    urlizer = Urlizer()

    @keep_lazy_text
    def urlize(text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False, autoescape=False):
        return urlizer(
            text, trim_url_limit=trim_url_limit, nofollow=nofollow, autoescape=autoescape
        )

    def avoid_wrapping(value):
        """
        Avoid text wrapping in the middle of a phrase by adding non-breaking
        spaces where there previously were normal spaces.
        """
        return value.replace(" ", "\xa0")

    def html_safe(klass):
        """
        A decorator that defines the __html__ method. This helps non-Django
        templates to detect classes whose __str__ methods return SafeString.
        """
        if "__html__" in klass.__dict__:
            raise ValueError(
                "can't apply @html_safe to %s because it defines "
                "__html__()." % klass.__name__
            )
        if "__str__" not in klass.__dict__:
            raise ValueError(
                "can't apply @html_safe to %s because it doesn't "
                "define __str__()." % klass.__name__
            )
        klass_str = klass.__str__
        klass.__str__ = lambda self: mark_safe(klass_str(self))
        klass.__html__ = lambda self: str(self)
        return klass